Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
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TL;DR: An analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV showed a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure.
Abstract: This study provides an analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV. The meta-analytic summary of 21 studies (4,104 participants) showed, as predicted, a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support (ŕ = .159), a negative, heterogeneous correlation between stigma and social support (ŕ = -.344) and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure (ŕ = -.189). The heterogeneity of the first two relationships indicates the presence of moderators, which may include participants' age and publications' year.
454 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Emmerick (2006) argues that different types of people and resources should better meet different types of social support goals....
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TL;DR: Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective and methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation are presented.
Abstract: This study tests the feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) as a Web-based sampling method. Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective. The online nature of WebRDS allows referral chains to progress very quickly, such that studies with large samples can be expected to proceed up to 20 times faster than with traditional sampling methods. Additionally, the unhidden nature of the study population allows comparison of RDS estimators to institutional data. Results indicate that RDS estimates are reasonable but not precise. This is likely due to bias associated with the random recruitment assumption and small sample size of the study. Finally, this article presents methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative importance of three types of capital (human, family and financial) in pursuing entrepreneurship and found that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital – human, family and financial – in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings sug...
183 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Social capital theorists argue that gender has a major influence on people’s social capital (van Emmerik 2006)....
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TL;DR: This paper analyzed career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness and found that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures.
Abstract: That social capital matters is an established fact in the social sciences. Less clear, however, is how different forms of social capital affect gender disadvantages in career advancement. Focusing on a project-based type of labor market, namely the U.S. film industry, this study argues that women suffer a “closure penalty” and face severe career disadvantages when collaborating in cohesive teams. At the same time, gender disadvantages are reduced for women who build social capital in open networks with higher degrees of diversity and information flow. Using large-scale longitudinal data on career profiles of about one million performances by 97,657 film actors in 369,099 film productions between the years 1929 and 2010, I analyze career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness. Findings reveal that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures. This study contributes to the understanding of how and what type of social capital can be either a beneficial resource for otherwise disadvantaged groups or a constraining mechanism that intensifies gender differences in career advancement.
160 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Network structures can create social capital in different ways, either through strong, dense, and cohesive ties—network closure (Coleman 1988)—or through “network betweenness” (Freeman 1977), that is, networks in which weakly connected ties act as brokers between different core groups (Burt 2000)....
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TL;DR: Gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital-bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life are documents.
Abstract: Objectives. Most studies of older adults’ social networks focus on their access to dense networks that yield access to social support. This paper documents gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital—bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life. Methods. I use egocentric social network data from a national sample of 3,005 older adults—collected in 2005–2006 by the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project—to compare older men’s and women’s network bridging potential using multivariate regression analysis. Results. Older women are more likely than older men to have bridging potential in their networks—between both kin and non-kin contacts. These gender differences increase with age. Older women are also more likely to have network members who are not connected to or monopolized by their spouse or partner. Some, but not all, of these gender differences are due to the fact that older women have larger social networks and maintain more ties to people outside of the household.
139 citations
References
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TL;DR: The authors compared the organizational membership networks and core discussion networks of managers and non-managers using data from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey (NOCGS) and found that managers were more likely to participate in discussion networks.
Abstract: Using data from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey, we compared the organizational membership networks and core discussion networks of managers and nonmanagers. For the tw...
233 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed if human capital is more related to women's advancement to low levels (i.e., supervisory and junior management) than to their advancement to high levels (e.g., middle and senior management) in Australian banks.
Abstract: This study assessed if human capital is more related to women’s advancement to low levels (i. e., supervisory and junior management) and if social capital is more related to their advancement to high levels (i. e., middle and senior management) in Australian banks. The results do not support differential prediction hypotheses. Overall, human capital explained most of women’s advancement at all levels in Australian banks. The contribution of social capital to that explanation was, generally, negligible. The study also included qualitative data. The qualitative results appeared to support the view that social capital is more important to women’s advancement to high managerial levels than to low managerial levels. Of particular concern is that the women reported gender discrimination as the most frequent barrier to their advancement at all managerial levels. Implications for banks and for women’s career management are discussed.
231 citations
TL;DR: The role of social resources in the status attainment process was examined in this article, where the causal link between access to (for example, network resources) and use of (for instance, contact resources) social resources was empirically tested in a series of models in which the effects of personal resources and social resources on status outcome were assessed.
201 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the density, diversity, and size dimensions of network range affect exposure to stress, access to social support, and distress differentially and that, in each case, their effects are gender-specific.
Abstract: The inclusion of network concepts in the stress-distress model of health represents a major theoretical advance. Most researchers use the dyadic approach of social network analysis to construct network measures of social support. Working from the argument that network structure and social support are conceptually and empirically distinct, we extend the stress-distress model to include measures of network structure (network range) as predictors of exposure to stress, access to social support, and distress. We find that the density, diversity, and size dimensions of network range affect exposure to stress, access to social support, and distress differentially and that, in each case, their effects are gender-specific.
191 citations
"Gender differences in the creation ..." refers background in this paper
...The importance of social resources for the creation of social capital has been demonstrated for various facets of working life, such as job search (Granovetter, 1973), exposure to stress and access to social support (Haines and Hurlbert, 1992), status attainment (Lai et al....
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...However, it is increasingly acknowledged that social networks may allocate resources differentially (Haines and Hurlbert, 1992; Raider and Burt, 1996) and thus may result in different career outcomes (Burt, 1998; Cianni and...
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TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, and networks and found that women and people of color had lower status than men and Whites because they occupied positions that limited their access to and ability to attract powerful employees.
Abstract: This study sheds light on the informal mechanisms that contribute to inequality by examining the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, and networks. Drawing on network theory and status construction theory, the author examines the routes through which employees' sex and race/ethnicity affect the status of their network members. The analyses indicate that women and people of color had network members with lower status than men and Whites because they occupied positions that limited their access to and ability to attract powerful employees. The author concludes that structural rather than personal exclusion explains race/ethnic and sex differences in the status of network members.
179 citations