Gene editing in tree and clonal crops: progress and challenges
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TLDR
Several published papers attest to the high efficiency of CRISPR-based systems in clonal crops and trees as discussed by the authors, however, nearly all studies in trees and clonally propagated crops retained all of the gene editing machinery in the genome.Abstract:
Because of the limitations inherent in conventional breeding of trees and clonally propagated crops, gene editing is of great interest. Dozens of published papers attest to the high efficiency of CRISPR-based systems in clonal crops and trees. The opportunity for “clean” edits is expected to avoid or reduce regulatory burdens in many countries and may improve market acceptance. To date, however, nearly all studies in trees and clonal crops retained all of the gene editing machinery in the genome. Despite high gene editing efficiency, technical and regulatory obstacles are likely to greatly limit progress toward commercial use. Technical obstacles include difficult and slow transformation and regeneration, delayed onset of flowering or clonal systems that make sexual segregation of CRISPR-associated genes difficult, inefficient excision systems to enable removal of functional (protein- or RNA-encoding) transgenic DNA, and narrow host range or limited gene-payload viral systems for efficient transient editing. Regulatory obstacles include those such as in the EU where gene-edited plants are regulated like GMO crops, and the many forms of method-based systems that regulate stringently based on the method vs. product novelty and thus are largely applied to each insertion event. Other major obstacles include the provisions of the Cartagena Protocol with respect to international trade and the need for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act in the USA. The USDA SECURE act has taken a major step toward a more science- and risk-based—vs. method and insertion event based—system, but much further regulatory and legal innovation is needed in the USA and beyond.read more
Citations
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Multiplex editing of the Nucleoredoxin1 tandem array in poplar: from small indels to translocations and complex inversions
TL;DR: The work highlights the power of CRISPR/Cas9 for multiplex editing of tandem repeats to generate diverse mutants with structural and copy number variations to aid functional characterization.
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Gene-Editing for Production Traits in Forest Trees: Challenges to Integration and Gene Target Identification
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References
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Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA
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TL;DR: A new DNA-editing technique called prime editing offers improved versatility and efficiency with reduced byproducts compared with existing techniques, and shows potential for correcting disease-associated mutations.
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CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture
TL;DR: The applications of genome editing for trait improvement, development of techniques for fine-tuning gene regulation, strategies for breeding virus resistance, and the use of high-throughput mutant libraries are summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
Morphogenic Regulators Baby boom and Wuschel Improve Monocot Transformation
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TL;DR: A transformation approach involving overexpression of the maize (Zea mays) Baby boom (Bbm) and maize Wuschel2 (Wus2) genes, which produced high transformation frequencies in numerous previously nontransformable maize inbred lines is reported.
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Somaclonal variation in plants: causes and detection methods
TL;DR: The possible causes, detection methods and desirability of variants are summarized, and examples of some useful variants generated as a result of somaclonal variation are outlined.