Generalization of theory for estimation of interfacial energies
01 Mar 1970-Industrial & Engineering Chemistry (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 62, Iss: 3, pp 54-78
TL;DR: In this article, a quasi-continuum approximation for two component water-organic or organic-organic liquid systems is proposed for estimating the interfacial energy and free energy estimation.
Abstract: Interfacial energy and free energy estimation by quasi-continuum approximation for two component water-organic or organic-organic liquid systems
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the progress of the scientific research on TiO2 photocatalysis as well as its industrial applications are reviewed, and future prospects of this field mainly based on the present authors' work.
Abstract: Photocatalysis has recently become a common word and various products using photocatalytic functions have been commercialized. Among many candidates for photocatalysts, TiO2 is almost the only material suitable for industrial use at present and also probably in the future. This is because TiO2 has the most efficient photoactivity, the highest stability and the lowest cost. More significantly, it has been used as a white pigment from ancient times, and thus, its safety to humans and the environment is guaranteed by history. There are two types of photochemical reaction proceeding on a TiO2 surface when irradiated with ultraviolet light. One includes the photo-induced redox reactions of adsorbed substances, and the other is the photo-induced hydrophilic conversion of TiO2 itself. The former type has been known since the early part of the 20th century, but the latter was found only at the end of the century. The combination of these two functions has opened up various novel applications of TiO2, particularly in the field of building materials. Here, we review the progress of the scientific research on TiO2 photocatalysis as well as its industrial applications, and describe future prospects of this field mainly based on the present authors' work.
3,008 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the controversy with respect to measurement and interpretation of contact angles is due to the fact that some (or all) of the assumptions made in all energetic approaches are violated when contact angles are measured and processed.
1,281 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrophoretic mobility of oil droplets, dispersed without any surfactant in the aqueous phase, was measured and the results showed that the oil droplet are negatively charged and the magnitude of their ζ-potential strongly depends on pH and the ionic strength of the aiquous phase.
Abstract: The electrophoretic mobility of oil droplets, dispersed without any surfactant in the aqueous phase, was measured. Four different oils were studied: xylene, dodecane, hexadecane, and perfluoromethyldecalin. Special precautions were undertaken to avoid artifacts caused by the presence of surfactant impurities. The results show that the oil droplets are negatively charged and the magnitude of their ζ-potential strongly depends on pH and the ionic strength of the aqueous phase. The electrophoretic mobility is almost independent of the type of specific nonpolar oil. Series of experiments were performed to check different hypotheses about the origin of the spontaneous charging of the oil−water interfaces. The results lead to the conclusion that hydroxyl ions, released by the dissociation−association equilibrium of the water molecules, adsorb at the oil−water interface. The specific adsorption energy was estimated to be 25kT per ion (kT is the thermal energy). The molecular origin and the implications of this ...
736 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-continuum model for polar and non-polar interactions across the interface is developed by using energy additivity concept in a semicontinuum approach.
Abstract: Equations for polar and nonpolar interactions across the interface are developed by using energy additivity concept in a semi-continuum model. Interfacial and surface tensions of molten polymers are measured directly and used to test the resulting equations: The first expression may be called the harmonic-mean equation preferred for low energy systems such as organic liquids, water, polymers, and organic pigments. The second may be called the geometric-harmonic-mean equation preferred for high energy systems such as mercury, glass, metal oxides and graphite. The third may be called the geometric mean equation which is found unsatisfactory. The harmonic-mean equation is used to obtain the “optimum” wettability condition for adhesion. The importance of polar interactions and matching of the polarity are analyzed and emphasized.
475 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the vertical plate model is used to measure contact angles on smooth and heterogeneous rolid surfaces and their temperature dependence. But the model is not suitable for smooth and homogeneous surfaces.
427 citations