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Journal ArticleDOI

Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain

15 Mar 1997-Journal of Hydrology (Elsevier)-Vol. 190, Iss: 3, pp 214-251
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for generating daily surfaces of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and radiation over large regions of complex terrain is presented, based on the spatial convolution of a truncated Gaussian weighting filter with the set of station locations.
About: This article is published in Journal of Hydrology.The article was published on 1997-03-15 and is currently open access. It has received 1309 citations till now.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution).
Abstract: We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950–2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledgebased methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright  2005 Royal Meteorological Society.

17,977 citations


Cites background or methods from "Generating surfaces of daily meteor..."

  • ...…sets of high-resolution climate surfaces for the conterminous United States: the 1- km-resolution Daymet database of means for 1980–1997 (http://www.daymet.org/; Thornton et al., 1997) and the 2.5 arc min (∼5 km) PRISM climate database for 1970–2000 (http://www.ocs.orst.edu/; Daly et al., 2002)....

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  • ...Thornton et al. (1997) used a truncated Gaussian weighting filter in combination with spatially and temporally explicit empirically determined relationships of temperature and precipitation to elevation....

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  • ...…for the United * Correspondence to: Robert J. Hijmans, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, USA; e-mail: rhijmans@berkeley.edu Copyright 2005 Royal Meteorological Society States (http://www.daymet.org/; Thornton et al., 1997)....

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  • ...We then used SPLINA to build continuous climate surfaces for the training data and interrogated these surfaces for the locations of the test data....

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  • ...Weather station data were assembled from a large number of sources: (1) The Global Historical Climate Network Dataset (GHCN) version 2....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work compared 16 modelling methods over 226 species from 6 regions of the world, creating the most comprehensive set of model comparisons to date and found that presence-only data were effective for modelling species' distributions for many species and regions.
Abstract: Prediction of species' distributions is central to diverse applications in ecology, evolution and conservation science. There is increasing electronic access to vast sets of occurrence records in museums and herbaria, yet little effective guidance on how best to use this information in the context of numerous approaches for modelling distributions. To meet this need, we compared 16 modelling methods over 226 species from 6 regions of the world, creating the most comprehensive set of model comparisons to date. We used presence-only data to fit models, and independent presence-absence data to evaluate the predictions. Along with well-established modelling methods such as generalised additive models and GARP and BIOCLIM, we explored methods that either have been developed recently or have rarely been applied to modelling species' distributions. These include machine-learning methods and community models, both of which have features that may make them particularly well suited to noisy or sparse information, as is typical of species' occurrence data. Presence-only data were effective for modelling species' distributions for many species and regions. The novel methods consistently outperformed more established methods. The results of our analysis are promising for the use of data from museums and herbaria, especially as methods suited to the noise inherent in such data improve.

7,589 citations


Cites background from "Generating surfaces of daily meteor..."

  • ...Simultaneous with increasing accessibility of species’ occurrence data, environmental data layers of high spatial resolution, such as those derived from satellite images (Turner et al. 2003) and through sophisticated interpolation of climate data ( Thornton et al. 1997, Hijmans et al. 2005), are now much more abundant and available....

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  • ...…of species’ occurrence data, environmental data layers of high spatial resolution, such as those derived from satellite images (Turner et al. 2003) and through sophisticated interpolation of climate data (Thornton et al. 1997, Hijmans et al. 2005), are now much more abundant and available....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of predictive habitat distribution modeling is presented, which shows that a wide array of models has been developed to cover aspects as diverse as biogeography, conservation biology, climate change research, and habitat or species management.

6,748 citations


Cites background or methods from "Generating surfaces of daily meteor..."

  • ...Regression methods are e.g. applied to infer the distribution of biological entities from environmental variables by considering these observations to be independent from each other....

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  • ...Here, our aim is not to summarize all the patterns and processes of geographic range limitation, which are best provided by specific review papers (e.g. Brown et al., 1996), but to illustrate the link with the conceptual model formulation through examples....

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  • ...Most bioclimatic maps are developed by elevation-sensitive spatial interpolations of climate station data (Hutchinson and Bischof, 1983; Daly et al., 1994; Thornton et al., 1997)....

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  • ...Accuracy and resolution of input maps Yet, the generation of large-scale climate maps has been greatly improved (Hutchinson and Bischof, 1983; Mitchell, 1991; Daly et al., 1994; Thornton et al., 1997)....

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  • ...…context (in the sense of Fitzgerald and Lees, 1994a), such as regional autocorrelation and topographic dependencies, have been employed to generate a multitude of bioclimatic maps (Hutchinson and Bischof, 1983; Daly et al., 1994; Dubayah and Rich, 1995; Kumar et al., 1997; Thornton et al., 1997)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the PRISM (Parameter-elevation relationships on independent slopes model) interpolation method to develop data sets that reflected, as closely as possible, the current state of knowledge of spatial climate patterns in the United States.
Abstract: Spatial climate data sets of 1971–2000 mean monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature were developed for the conterminous United States These 30-arcsec (∼800-m) grids are the official spatial climate data sets of the US Department of Agriculture The PRISM (Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model) interpolation method was used to develop data sets that reflected, as closely as possible, the current state of knowledge of spatial climate patterns in the United States PRISM calculates a climate–elevation regression for each digital elevation model (DEM) grid cell, and stations entering the regression are assigned weights based primarily on the physiographic similarity of the station to the grid cell Factors considered are location, elevation, coastal proximity, topographic facet orientation, vertical atmospheric layer, topographic position, and orographic effectiveness of the terrain Surface stations used in the analysis numbered nearly 13 000 for precipitation and 10 000 for temperature Station data were spatially quality controlled, and short-period-of-record averages adjusted to better reflect the 1971–2000 period PRISM interpolation uncertainties were estimated with cross-validation (C-V) mean absolute error (MAE) and the 70% prediction interval of the climate–elevation regression function The two measures were not well correlated at the point level, but were similar when averaged over large regions The PRISM data set was compared with the WorldClim and Daymet spatial climate data sets The comparison demonstrated that using a relatively dense station data set and the physiographically sensitive PRISM interpolation process resulted in substantially improved climate grids over those of WorldClim and Daymet The improvement varied, however, depending on the complexity of the region Mountainous and coastal areas of the western United States, characterized by sparse data coverage, large elevation gradients, rain shadows, inversions, cold air drainage, and coastal effects, showed the greatest improvement The PRISM data set benefited from a peer review procedure that incorporated local knowledge and data into the development process Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

2,447 citations


Cites methods from "Generating surfaces of daily meteor..."

  • ...PRISM spatial climate data sets were compared to two other spatial climate data sets of similar resolution for the conterminous United States: Daymet (Thornton et al., 1997) and WorldClim (Hijmans et al....

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  • ...Interpolation was performed with the Daymet model (Thornton et al., 1997)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of papers prepared within the framework of an international workshop entitled: Advances in GLMs /GAMs modeling: from species distribution to environmental management, held in Riederalp, Switzerland, 6 � /11 August 2001 are introduced.

2,006 citations


Cites methods from "Generating surfaces of daily meteor..."

  • ...Here, regression analyses are repeatedly applied within a moving window over the geographic range of interest (e.g., DAYMET climate modelling, Thornton et al. 1997)....

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  • ...DAYMET climate modeling, Thornton et al., 1997). The study by Huntley et al. (1995) is one of the rare examples of this approach applied to species distribution modeling....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analytical model that distributes point measurements of monthly and annual precipitation to regularly spaced grid cells in midlatitude regions, using a combination of climatological and statistical concepts to analyze orographic precipitation.
Abstract: The demand for climatological precipitation fields on a regular grid is growing dramatically as ecological and hydrological models become increasingly linked to geographic information systems that spatially represent and manipulate model output. This paper presents an analytical model that distributes point measurements of monthly and annual precipitation to regularly spaced grid cells in midlatitude regions. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the analysis of orographic precipitation. Specifically, PRISM 1) uses a digital elevation model (DEM) to estimate the “orographic” elevations of precipitation stations; 2) uses the DEM and a windowing technique to group stations onto individual topographic facets; 3) estimates precipitation at a DEM grid cell through a regression of precipitation versus DEM elevation developed from stations on the cell's topographic facet; and 4) when possible, calculates...

2,770 citations


"Generating surfaces of daily meteor..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...For example, whereas Daly et al. (1994) have stressed the importance of an explicit accounting of the influence of leeward and windward aspect in distributing precipitation in mountainous terrain, we find that our methods faithfully reproduce the extreme differences in precipitation gradient on the…...

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  • ...A recent example in this vein is the work of Daly et al. (1994), who have developed what can be considered a hybrid approach for distributing climatological precipitation, combining geographical and statistical elements, which they demonstrate to be both more flexible and more accurate than kriging…...

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  • ...…spatial and temporal smoothing scales associated with regressions against elevation are in agreement with results reported for precipitation-elevation regressions by Daly et al. (1994), who suggested an optimal DEM cell-size of 4-10 km, compared with our result of 2-8 km for the smoothing width....

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  • ...…the incorporation of the iterative station density algorithm, is a trait it shares with the smoothing splines method as implemented by Hutchinson (1995), the recursive filter objective analysis of Hayden and Purser ( 1995), and to some extent the topographic facet logic of Daly et al. (1994)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an ecosystem process model is described that calculates the carbon, water and nitrogen cycles through a forest ecosystem, which uses leaf area index (lai) to quantify the forest structure important for energy and mass exchange, and represents a key simplification for regional scale applications.

1,465 citations


"Generating surfaces of daily meteor..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Studies ranging in spatial scale from point simulations (Running and Coughlan, 1988; Running, 1994), to single watershed simulations (Band et al....

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  • ...Previous studies (Running and Coughlan, 1988; McMurtrie et al., 1992) have defined the minimum required daily meteorological variables for accurate simulations of hydrological and ecological land-surface processes, as follows: precipitation, surface air temperature, surface air humidity, and incident shortwave radiation....

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  • ...Studies ranging in spatial scale from point simulations (Running and Coughlan, 1988; Running, 1994), to single watershed simulations (Band et al., 1991, 1993; White and Running, 1994), to simulations over areas on the order of 1-2000 kln2 (Running and Nemani, 1991, Nemani et al., 1993), have…...

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  • ...Previous studies (Running and Coughlan, 1988; McMurtrie et al., 1992) have defined the minimum required daily meteorological variables for accurate simulations of hydrological and ecological land-surface processes, as follows: precipitation, surface air temperature, surface air humidity, and…...

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Journal ArticleDOI

1,121 citations


"Generating surfaces of daily meteor..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The method of nearest neighbors (Thiessen, 1911 ) is an early example, and others include multiple nearest neighbors, inverse-distance weighting schemes, and arithmetic means....

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  • ...Spatially and temporally explicit empirical analyses of the relationships of temperature and precipitation to elevation were performed, and the characteristic spatial and temporal scales of these relationships were explored....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a relationship between atmospheric transmittance and the daily range of air temperature is developed, where the relationship is Tt = A[1 −exp(exp(BΔTc)] where Tt is the daily total atmospherictransmittance, ΔT is the average air temperature, and A, B, and C are empirical coefficients, determined for a particular location from measured solar radiation data.

1,035 citations


"Generating surfaces of daily meteor..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The algorithm of Bristow and Campbell (1984) is used to derive a daily average cloudiness correction to atmospheric transmissivity from the observed diurnal temperature range, DTR, as...

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  • ...The algorithm of Bristow and Campbell (1984) is used to derive a daily average cloudiness correction to atmospheric transmissivity from the observed diurnal temperature range, DTR, as PCST= 1.0-exp( -BDTRc) (5) where PCST is the proportion of clear-sky transmissivity on the day in question, and B…...

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  • ...Incident shortwave radiation is derived from the diurnal temperature range and Sun- Earth geometry , after the methods of Bristow and Campbell (1984)....

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Book
01 Jan 1963

895 citations


"Generating surfaces of daily meteor..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Some examples are optimal interpolation (Gandin, 1965), kriging and its variants (e.g. Phillips et al., 1992), and smoothing splines (Hutchinson and Bischof, 1983)....

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