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Journal ArticleDOI

Genetic algorithm based reconstruction of the elastic moduli of orthotropic plates using an ultrasonic guided wave single-transmitter-multiple-receiver SHM array

08 Aug 2007-Smart Materials and Structures (IOP Publishing)-Vol. 16, Iss: 5, pp 1639-1650
TL;DR: In this article, a single-transmitter-multiple-receiver (STMR) compact structural health monitoring (SHM) array is used to reconstruct the elastic moduli of orthotropic plate structures.
Abstract: The reconstruction of all nine unknown elastic moduli of orthotropic plate structures has been achieved using a single-transmitter-multiple-receiver (STMR) compact structural health monitoring (SHM) array. This method uses the velocity measurement of the fundamental guided Lamb wave modes (S0 and A0), generated from a central transmitter, and received by a sparse array of receivers that encircle the transmitter. The measured velocities are then used in an inversion algorithm based on genetic algorithms. A prototype compact STMR array was developed and used in the measurement. Simulated data were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. Experiments were conducted on 3.15 mm graphite–epoxy composite plate using a PZT based STMR array as well as laser vibrometer based displacement measurement. Experimental Lamb wave velocity data were used to validate the present technique. This technique finds application in the areas of material characterization and SHM of anisotropic plate-like structures used in aerospace and automobile components made using fiber reinforced composites.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a robust strategy including the high-resolution extraction of the multimodal dispersion curves and model-based elastic property estimation is presented, which can be implemented with ease and few parameters need to be tuned.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a laser is used to create broadband acoustic waves in plate-shaped specimens by applying the photoacoustic effect, which can be detected using a purpose-built ultrasonic transducer that is based on piezoceramics instead of the commonly used piezoelectric polymer films.
Abstract: . In the non-destructive determination of material properties, the utilization of ultrasound has proven to be a viable tool. In the presented paper, a laser is used to create broadband acoustic waves in plate-shaped specimens by applying the photoacoustic effect. The waves are detected using a purpose-built ultrasonic transducer that is based on piezoceramics instead of the commonly used piezoelectric polymer films. This new transducer concept allows for detection of ultrasonic waves up to 10 MHz with high sensitivity, thereby allowing the characterization of highly damping materials such as polymers. The recorded data are analysed using different methods to obtain information on the propagation modes transmitted along the specimen. In an inverse procedure, the gained results are compared to simulations, yielding approximations for the specimen's material properties.

19 citations


Cites background or methods from "Genetic algorithm based reconstruct..."

  • ...Some experiments on plates are conducted using piezoelectric transducers for both excitation and detection of the waves (Rogers, 1995, Vish- nuvardhan et al., 2007)....

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  • ...A multi-modal analysis is favourable, especially for orthotropic materials, as the components of the elastic moduli affect each mode differently and with different sensitivities (Vishnuvardhan et al., 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel blind inversion method using Lamb wave S( 0) and A(0) mode velocities is proposed for the complete determination of elastic moduli, material symmetries, as well as principal plane orientations of anisotropic plates.
Abstract: A novel blind inversion method using Lamb wave S0 and A0 mode velocities is proposed for the complete determination of elastic moduli, material symmetries, as well as principal plane orientations of anisotropic plates. The approach takes advantage of genetic algorithm, introduces the notion of “statistically significant” elastic moduli, and utilizes their sensitivities to velocity data to reconstruct the elastic moduli. The unknown material symmetry and the principal planes are then evaluated using the method proposed by Cowin and Mehrabadi [Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 40, 451–476 (1987)]. The blind inversion procedure was verified using simulated ultrasonic velocity data sets on materials with transversely isotropic, orthotropic, and monoclinic symmetries. A modified double ring configuration of the single transmitter and multiple receiver compact array was developed to experimentally validate the blind inversion approach on a quasi-isotropic graphite-epoxy composite plate. This technique finds application i...

18 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a genetic algorithm based blind inversion method was used to identify statistically significant elastic moduli using the coefficient of variation (C V ) to derive a reduced set of elastic modulars.

11 citations


Cites background or methods from "Genetic algorithm based reconstruct..."

  • ...It is the normal practice to carry out the inversion assuming an a priori knowledge of the material symmetry [4, 6 ,7]....

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  • ...The subsequent trials are driven by the evolutionary process [ 6 ] involving crossover (jumps in solution space), creep (search space is expanded), mutation (to avoid stagnation), and elitism (to preserve good solutions)....

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  • ...Normally, elastic moduli are determined by minimizing the error between experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities and those calculated with an assumed set of elastic moduli [4, 6 ,7]....

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  • ...Genetic algorithms are robust, very efficient in finding the near global minimum (or maximum) in multidimensional search spaces and have been used extensively in obtaining elastic moduli [4, 6 ,7,13]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an approach for the transient and time-causal modeling of guided waves in viscoelastic cylindrical waveguides in the context of ultrasonic material characterization.
Abstract: In this contribution, we present an efficient approach for the transient and time-causal modeling of guided waves in viscoelastic cylindrical waveguides in the context of ultrasonic material characterization. We use the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) for efficient computation of the phase velocity dispersion. Regarding the viscoelastic behavior of the materials under consideration, we propose a decomposition approach that considers the real-valued frequency dependence of the (visco-)elastic moduli and, separately, of their attenuation. The modal expansion approach is utilized to take the transmitting and receiving transducers into account and to propagate the excited waveguide modes through a waveguide of finite length. The effectiveness of the proposed simulation model is shown by comparison with a standard transient FEM simulation as well as simulation results based on the exact solution of the complex-valued viscoelastic guided wave problem. Two material models are discussed, namely the fractional Zener model and the anti-Zener model; we re-interpret the latter in terms of the Rayleigh damping model. Measurements are taken on a polypropylene sample and the proposed transient simulation model is used for inverse material characterization. The extracted material properties may then be used in computer-aided design of ultrasonic systems.

11 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper is intended to serve as a summary review of the collective experience the structural engineering community has gained from the use of wireless sensors and sensor networks for monitoring structural performance and health.
Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the adoption of emerging sensing technologies for instrumentation within a variety of structural systems. Wireless sensors and sensor networks are emerging as sensing paradigms that the structural engineering field has begun to consider as substitutes for traditional tethered monitoring systems. A benefit of wireless structural monitoring systems is that they are inexpensive to install because extensive wiring is no longer required between sensors and the data acquisition system. Researchers are discovering that wireless sensors are an exciting technology that should not be viewed as simply a substitute for traditional tethered monitoring systems. Rather, wireless sensors can play greater roles in the processing of structural response data; this feature can be utilized to screen data for signs of structural damage. Also, wireless sensors have limitations that require novel system architectures and modes of operation. This paper is intended to serve as a summary review of the collective experience the structural engineering community has gained from the use of wireless sensors and sensor networks for monitoring structural performance and health.

1,497 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the capability of embedded piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) to excite and detect tuned Lamb waves for structural health monitoring is explored.
Abstract: The capability of embedded piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) to excite and detect tuned Lamb waves for structural health monitoring is explored. First, a brief review of Lamb waves theory is presented. Second, the PWAS operating principles and their structural coupling through a thin adhesive layer are analyzed. Then, a model of the Lamb waves tuning mechanism with PWAS transducers is described. The model uses the space domain Fourier transform. The analysis is performed in the wavenumber space. The inverse Fourier transform is used to return into the physical space. The integrals are evaluated with the residues theorem. A general solution is obtained for a generic expression of the interface shear stress distribution. The general solution is reduced to a closed-form expression for the case of ideal bonding which admits a closed-form Fourier transform of the interfacial shear stress. It is shown that the strain wave response varies like sin a, whereas the displacement response varies like sinc a. ...

890 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new technique is developed to determine the dispersion relation and the propagational speeds of waves in dispersive solids, which can be applied to measurements of acoustic or electromagnetic wave speeds in other dispersive media.
Abstract: A new technique is developed to determine the dispersion relation and the propagational speeds of waves in dispersive solids. The phase spectrum of a broadband pulse is linearly related to the dispersion relation of the dispersive medium. The method is simpler than the continuous‐wave phase comparison technique. Application is made to measure the phase and group velocities of waves in fiber‐reinforced composite materials and in thin wires. This technique is expected to be applicable to measurements of acoustic or electromagnetic wave speeds in other dispersive media.

476 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a piezoelectric-based built-in diagnostic technique has been developed for monitoring fatigue crack growth in metallic structures, which consists of three major components: diagnostic signal generation, signal processing and damage interpretation.
Abstract: A piezoelectric based built-in diagnostic technique has been developed for monitoring fatigue crack growth in metallic structures. The technique uses diagnostic signals, generated from nearby piezoelectric actuators built into the structures, to detect crack growth. It consists of three major components: diagnostic signal generation, signal processing and damage interpretation. In diagnostic signal generation, appropriate ultrasonic guided Lamb waves were selected for actuators to maximize receiving sensor measurements. In signal processing, methods were developed to select an individual mode for damage detection and maximize signal to noise ratio in recorded sensor signals. Finally, in damage interpretation, a physics based damage index was developed relating sensor measurements to crack growth size. Fatigue tests were performed on laboratory coupons with a notch to verify the proposed technique. The damage index measured from built-in piezoceramics on the coupons showed a good correlation with the actual fatigue crack growth obtained from visual inspection. Furthermore, parametric studies were also performed to characterize the sensitivity of sensor/actuator location for the proposed technique.

476 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a non-contact method for low-frequency Lamb wave sensing using a laser Doppler velocimeter is presented, and the results are validated using classical piezoceramic-based sensing and numerical simulations.
Abstract: Structural health monitoring using Lamb waves is based on guided waves introduced to a structure at one point and sensed at a different location. Actuation and sensing can be accomplished using various types of transducer. The paper demonstrates a non-contact method for low-frequency Lamb wave sensing. The technique utilizes a laser Doppler velocimeter. Lamb wave responses are enhanced using data smoothing and filtering procedures. The results are validated using classical piezoceramic-based sensing and numerical simulations. The study shows the potential of laser vibrometry for Lamb wave sensing.

301 citations