Genetic and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility in Sorghum
About: This article is published in Plant Breeding Reviews.The article was published on 2010-06-22 and is currently open access. It has received 36 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Sterility.
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TL;DR: The mating design and structure of the first MAGIC population in sorghum was described, found to be rich in allelic content with high fragmentation of its genome, making it fit for both gene mapping and effective marker-assisted breeding.
Abstract: Multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations are powerful next-generation mapping resources. We describe here the mating design and structure of the first MAGIC population in sorghum, and test its utility for mapping. The population was developed by intercrossing 19 diverse founder lines through a series of paired crosses with a genetic male sterile (MS) source, followed by 10 generations of random mating. At the final stage of random mating, 1000 random fertile plants in the population were identified and subjected to six generations of selfing to produce 1000 immortal MAGIC inbred lines. The development of this sorghum MAGIC population took over 15 yr. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of a subset of 200 MAGIC lines identified 79,728 SNPs, spanning high gene-rich regions. Proportion of SNPs per chromosome ranged from 6 to 15%. Structure analyses produced no evidence of population stratification, portraying the desirability of this population for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The 19 founders formed three clusters, each with considerable genetic diversity. Further analysis showed that 73% of founder alleles segregated in the MAGIC population. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns depicted the MAGIC population to be highly recombined, with LD decaying to r2 [Formula: see text] 0.2 at 40 kb and down to r2 [Formula: see text] 0.1 at 220 kb. GWAS detected two known plant height genes, DWARF1 (chromosome 9) and DWARF3 (chromosome 7), and a potentially new plant height quantitative trait locus (QTL) (QTL-6) on chromosome 6. The MAGIC population was found to be rich in allelic content with high fragmentation of its genome, making it fit for both gene mapping and effective marker-assisted breeding.
52 citations
Cites background from "Genetic and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Mal..."
...Male sterility induced by the ms3 and ms7 alleles are very stable and have beenwidely used in population improvement (Reddy and Stenhouse 1994; Reddy et al. 2005)....
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...The sterile plants are easy to identify because they do not shed pollen and have characteristic scaly, whitish or less yellowish, and nonplump anthers (Reddy et al. 2005)....
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...GMS in sorghum is conditioned by a single nuclear recessive allele in homozygous condition, designated with a series of alleles asms1–ms7 (Rooney and Klein 2000; Reddy et al. 2005)....
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TL;DR: A custom designed homing endonuclease, Ems26+, was used to generate in planta mutations in the rice, sorghum and wheat orthologs of maize Ms26, which prevents pollen formation resulting in male sterile plants and fertility was restored in Sorghum using a transformed copy of maizeMs26.
Abstract: Summary
Targeted mutagenesis using programmable DNA endonucleases has broad applications for studying gene function in planta and developing approaches to improve crop yields. Recently, a genetic method that eliminates the need to emasculate the female inbred during hybrid seed production, referred to as Seed Production Technology, has been described. The foundation of this genetic system relied on classical methods to identify genes critical to anther and pollen development. One of these genes is a P450 gene which is expressed in the tapetum of anthers. Homozygous recessive mutants in this gene render maize and rice plants male sterile. While this P450 in maize corresponds to the male fertility gene Ms26, male fertility mutants have not been isolated in other monocots such as sorghum and wheat. In this report, a custom designed homing endonuclease, Ems26+, was used to generate in planta mutations in the rice, sorghum and wheat orthologs of maize Ms26. Similar to maize, homozygous mutations in this P450 gene in rice and sorghum prevent pollen formation resulting in male sterile plants and fertility was restored in sorghum using a transformed copy of maize Ms26. In contrast, allohexaploid wheat plants that carry similar homozygous nuclear mutations in only one, but not all three, of their single genomes were male fertile. Targeted mutagenesis and subsequent characterization of male fertility genes in sorghum and wheat is an important step for capturing heterosis and improving crop yields through hybrid seed.
46 citations
Cites methods from "Genetic and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Mal..."
...…male sterility (CMS) has been used in these crops for hybrid seed production; however this method is not effective in all germplasm due to the dependence on nuclear restorer genes specific for a given cytoplasm (Dwivedi et al., 2008; Li and Yuan, 1999; Reddy et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2013)....
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...Historically, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been used in these crops for hybrid seed production; however this method is not effective in all germplasm due to the dependence on nuclear restorer genes specific for a given cytoplasm (Dwivedi et al., 2008; Li and Yuan, 1999; Reddy et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2013)....
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this bulletin, attempts have been made to briefly describe the important findings of research done at ICRISAT and elsewhere, and to emphasize some of the recent developments on management of grain mold, including refined screening techniques, sources of resistance, genetics and mechanisms of resistances, and other management options, including an integrated management approach.
Abstract: Grain mold, the most important and widespread disease of sorghum worldwide, is a major constraint to sorghum productivity Grain mold development is particularly severe in the shortduration hybrid cultivars and varieties that are grown during the rainy season under warm and humid conditions It is caused by a number of unspecialized fungal pathogens that severely affect grain mass, seed viability, grain quality and market price A large volume of literature is available on studies related to various aspects of grain mold, including biology, epidemiology, association with mycotoxins and management methods In this bulletin, attempts have been made to briefly describe the important findings of research done at ICRISAT and elsewhere, and to emphasize some of the recent developments on management of grain mold, including refined screening techniques, sources of resistance, genetics and mechanisms of resistance, resistance breeding and other management options, including an integrated management approach Cover: Moldy sorghum grains on different types of panicles, and a mold-free panicle on the extreme right Copyright© International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2006 All rights reserved ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited For any clarification, please contact the Director of Communication at icrisat@cgiarorg > ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice
44 citations
TL;DR: The results revealed that cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with year, R- and A-lines did not appear to contribute to variation in iso-nuclear hybrids for plant height and grain yield, and A2 CMS system is as efficient as A1 with a slight edge over A1 for commercial exploitation.
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to assess the efficiency of A2 cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility (CMS) system in comparison to the widely used A1 cytoplasm in terms of general combining ability (gca) effects of male-sterile (A-) lines and mean performance, specific combining ability (sca) effects and mid-parent heterosis of hybrids for days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons. The material for the study consisted of six pairs of iso-nuclear, allo-plasmic (A1 and A2) A-lines and 36 iso-nuclear hybrids produced by crossing these A-lines with three dual restorer (R-) lines. The results revealed that cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with year, R- and A-lines did not appear to contribute to variation in iso-nuclear hybrids for plant height and grain yield. Cytoplasm had limited effect on gca effects of A-lines and on sca effects and mid-parent heterosis of iso-nuclear hybrids for days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield. The mean days to 50% flowering, plant height and grain yield of A2 cytoplasm-based hybrids were comparable with those of widely used A1 cytoplasm-based hybrids. The relative frequency of the occurrence of the A1- and A2-based hybrids with significant sca effects and mid-parent heterosis indicated that A2 CMS system is as efficient as A1 with a slight edge over A1 for commercial exploitation. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to opportunities for broadening not only cytoplasm base but also nuclear genetic base of both the hybrid parents.
24 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: A large number of hybrids have been developed and released/marketed for commercial cultivation in Asia, the Americas, Australia and Africa and have contributed significantly to increase grain and forage yields in several countries.
Abstract: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is the first self-pollinated cereal staple crop, wherein heterosis has been commercially exploited to improve its productivity. Although the heterosis was demonstrated as early as 1927 in
sorghum (Conner and Karper 1927), its commercial exploitation was possible only after the discovery of a stable and heritable cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility (CMS) mechanism (Stephens and Holland 1954). This CMS system has been designated as A1 (milo). Since then a large number of hybrids have been developed and released/marketed for commercial cultivation in Asia, the Americas, Australia and Africa. The hybrids have contributed significantly to
increased grain and forage yields in several countries. The grain productivity increased by 47% in China and by 50% in
India from the 1960s to the 1990s (FAO 1960–1996), which corresponds well with the adoption of hybrids in these
countries. Adoption of the first commercial hybrid (CSH 1) in India over much of the rainy season sorghum area, while
local varieties are confined to fairly narrow specific environmental niches stands testimony to the wide adaptability of hybrids over varieties (House et al. 1997). Currently, over 95% of the sorghum area is planted to the hybrids in USA, Australia and China. In India, over 85% of the rainy season sorghum area is planted to hybrids.
19 citations
References
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TL;DR: The simplified classification presented for Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moencihs is so easy that it requires no special knowledge of the crop to correctly identify mature heads and spikelets.
Abstract: The simplified classification presented for Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moencihs so easy that it requires no special knowledge of the crop to correctly identify mature heads and spikelets. Variation is partitioned into five basic races (bicolor, guinea, caudatum, kafir, and durra) and all combinations of their hybrid derivatives, for a total of 15 races. Intermediate races are designated, for example, as kafir-caudatum, durra-bicolor, etc. Subraces are the commonly used agronomic groups (feterita, kaura, sorgo, sudangrass, etc.) familiar to sorghum workers. None of these requires a formal Latin name.
453 citations
TL;DR: This chapter describes the male sterility in Petunia, maize, sorghum, sugarbeet, Nicotiana, Vicia faba, sunflower, Solanum, cruciferous species, pearl millet, carrot, wheat and rye, and barley.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The generality of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) suggests that understanding its basis may give the fundamental information about cytoplasmic genomes functioning in plant development. This chapter describes the male sterility in Petunia, maize, sorghum, sugarbeet, Nicotiana, Vicia faba, sunflower, Solanum, cruciferous species, pearl millet, carrot, wheat and rye, and barley. In some CMS systems, identification of a CMS-specific DNA sequence and its products may immediately reveal why microspores or male reproductive tissues do not develop properly. However, mere identification of a CMS-correlated gene and protein of unknown function would not reveal the mechanism of CMS without further cytological, biochemical, and physiological studies. As functions of mitochondrial-encoded polypeptides have become known, new models for CMS mechanisms may arise. Such models could most readily be tested if cloned Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences could be introduced anew into mitochondrial genomes. The underlying mechanisms of CMS are likely to be as diverse as the abnormal reproductive phenotypes observed within and among species.
203 citations
TL;DR: All possible crosses between heterozygous (Msms) Day, Double Dwarf Yellow Sooner milo and Texas Blackhull kafir were made to determine if cytoplasmic factors might account for the F, male-sterility in the combination of msms Day x kafIR, and the evidence indicated that theF, sterility was genetic rather than cytop lasmic.
Abstract: NVES'TIGATIONS with three-way crosses as a method 1 for hybrid sorghum seed production have been reported previ~usly.~ All possible crosses between heterozygous (Msms) Day, Double Dwarf Yellow Sooner milo and Texas Blackhull kafir were made to determine if cytoplasmic factors might account for the F, male-sterility in the combination of msms Day x kafir. The evidence indicated that the F, sterility was genetic rather than cytoplasmic. The F, plants of milo x kafir and its reciprocal grown in 1949 were fully fertile. However, some partial male-sterility was observed the following year in small F, populations of milo x kafir but not in the reciprocal cross, kafir x milo. The defective anthers in partially male-sterile panicles were somewhat longer than those typical of malesterile Day. In the same year, in certain progenies of ms Day x kafir, F, male-sterile, crossed with various combine kafirs, some rows segregated in a ratio of approximately one fertile to one male-sterile as expected. However, most of the plants in other rows were sterile or partially sterile. Part of the plants in rows having excess male-sterility had the long, pinched-appearing anthers observed in the F,2 plants of milo x kafir. Since Day is derived from milo and presumably has milo cytoplasm, it was reasoned that the unexpected sterility might be accounted for if some degree of cytoplasmic male-sterility was being expressed in part of the populatioas. N o seed stocks of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines for distribution to producers have been developed but the results obtained 1:hrough 1952 warrant a preliminary report. Considerable interest in this material has been shown by visitors who have inspected the experiments in progress at this Station.
200 citations
TL;DR: The novel 9E COXI, apparently arising from at least two rearrangements, affects transcription and gene product.
116 citations
TL;DR: Novel observations indicate that mitochondrial open reading frames associated with cms in different species can include highly similar motifs, and that fertility restoration could involve a mechanism by which synthesis of a cms-associated gene product may be precluded through internal transcript cleavage.
Abstract: Summary
A chimeric mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) configuration of the cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) sorghum line IS1112C includes a 321 bp open reading frame designated orf107, encoding a predicted polypeptide product of 11.85 kDa. The open reading frame, similar to several other genes associated with cms, consists of amino-terminal sequences derived from an obligate gene. Unlike other examples to date, however, the carboxy-terminal sequences are highly similar to the carboxy terminus of an open reading frame implicated in cms of rice, orf79. The amino-terminal 31 residues of orf107 are 84% similar to atp9, and the carboxy-terminal 49 residues are 57% identical and 80% similar to the carboxy terminus of orf79. Transcripts of orf107 are edited, with four C-to-U changes that alter amino acids. Sorghum lines partially or fully restored to fertility exhibit a high-efficiency internal-orf107 transcript processing activity, precluding abundant whole-length transcripts, while male-sterile lines exhibit only a trace of the activity. Previous data on the abundance of a 12 kDa in organello-synthesized polypeptide in male-sterile versus male-fertile lines are correlated with differential orf107 transcript processing activity of these lines. Examinations of backcross and F2 lines suggest a gametophytic mode of restoration, and indicate that enhanced transcript processing activity is necessary, but not sufficient, to restore full fertility. These novel observations indicate that mitochondrial open reading frames associated with cms in different species can include highly similar motifs, and that fertility restoration could involve a mechanism by which synthesis of a cms-associated gene product may be precluded through internal transcript cleavage.
111 citations