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Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India

TL;DR: This paper reported genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyzed linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago.
Abstract: Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent. The date of mixture is unknown but has implications for understanding Indian history. We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Iosif Lazaridis1, Iosif Lazaridis2, Nick Patterson1, Alissa Mittnik3, Gabriel Renaud4, Swapan Mallick2, Swapan Mallick1, Karola Kirsanow5, Peter H. Sudmant6, Joshua G. Schraiber6, Joshua G. Schraiber7, Sergi Castellano4, Mark Lipson8, Bonnie Berger1, Bonnie Berger8, Christos Economou9, Ruth Bollongino5, Qiaomei Fu4, Kirsten I. Bos3, Susanne Nordenfelt2, Susanne Nordenfelt1, Heng Li2, Heng Li1, Cesare de Filippo4, Kay Prüfer4, Susanna Sawyer4, Cosimo Posth3, Wolfgang Haak10, Fredrik Hallgren11, Elin Fornander11, Nadin Rohland2, Nadin Rohland1, Dominique Delsate12, Michael Francken3, Jean-Michel Guinet12, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker13, Hamza A. Babiker14, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes15, Gabriel Bedoya16, Haim Ben-Ami17, Judit Bene18, Fouad Berrada19, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli20, George B.J. Busby21, Francesco Calì, Mikhail Churnosov22, David E. C. Cole23, Daniel Corach24, Larissa Damba, George van Driem25, Stanislav Dryomov26, Jean-Michel Dugoujon27, Sardana A. Fedorova28, Irene Gallego Romero29, Marina Gubina, Michael F. Hammer30, Brenna M. Henn31, Tor Hervig32, Ugur Hodoglugil33, Aashish R. Jha29, Sena Karachanak-Yankova34, Rita Khusainova35, Elza Khusnutdinova35, Rick A. Kittles30, Toomas Kivisild36, William Klitz7, Vaidutis Kučinskas37, Alena Kushniarevich38, Leila Laredj39, Sergey Litvinov38, Theologos Loukidis40, Theologos Loukidis41, Robert W. Mahley42, Béla Melegh18, Ene Metspalu43, Julio Molina, Joanna L. Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi44, Desislava Nesheva34, Thomas B. Nyambo45, Ludmila P. Osipova, Jüri Parik43, Fedor Platonov28, Olga L. Posukh, Valentino Romano46, Francisco Rothhammer47, Francisco Rothhammer48, Igor Rudan14, Ruslan Ruizbakiev49, Hovhannes Sahakyan50, Hovhannes Sahakyan38, Antti Sajantila51, Antonio Salas52, Elena B. Starikovskaya26, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva34, Shahlo Turdikulova49, Ingrida Uktveryte37, Olga Utevska53, René Vasquez54, Mercedes Villena54, Mikhail Voevoda55, Cheryl A. Winkler56, Levon Yepiskoposyan50, Pierre Zalloua57, Pierre Zalloua2, Tatijana Zemunik58, Alan Cooper10, Cristian Capelli21, Mark G. Thomas40, Andres Ruiz-Linares40, Sarah A. Tishkoff59, Lalji Singh60, Kumarasamy Thangaraj61, Richard Villems38, Richard Villems62, Richard Villems43, David Comas63, Rem I. Sukernik26, Mait Metspalu38, Matthias Meyer4, Evan E. Eichler6, Joachim Burger5, Montgomery Slatkin7, Svante Pääbo4, Janet Kelso4, David Reich2, David Reich1, David Reich64, Johannes Krause3, Johannes Krause4 
Broad Institute1, Harvard University2, University of Tübingen3, Max Planck Society4, University of Mainz5, University of Washington6, University of California, Berkeley7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Stockholm University9, University of Adelaide10, The Heritage Foundation11, National Museum of Natural History12, Sultan Qaboos University13, University of Edinburgh14, University of Costa Rica15, University of Antioquia16, Rambam Health Care Campus17, University of Pécs18, Al Akhawayn University19, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart20, University of Oxford21, Belgorod State University22, University of Toronto23, University of Buenos Aires24, University of Bern25, Russian Academy of Sciences26, Paul Sabatier University27, North-Eastern Federal University28, University of Chicago29, University of Arizona30, Stony Brook University31, University of Bergen32, Illumina33, Sofia Medical University34, Bashkir State University35, University of Cambridge36, Vilnius University37, Estonian Biocentre38, University of Strasbourg39, University College London40, Amgen41, Gladstone Institutes42, University of Tartu43, University of Oulu44, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences45, University of Palermo46, University of Chile47, University of Tarapacá48, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan49, Armenian National Academy of Sciences50, University of North Texas51, University of Santiago de Compostela52, University of Kharkiv53, Higher University of San Andrés54, Novosibirsk State University55, Leidos56, Lebanese American University57, University of Split58, University of Pennsylvania59, Banaras Hindu University60, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology61, Estonian Academy of Sciences62, Pompeu Fabra University63, Howard Hughes Medical Institute64
18 Sep 2014-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west Europeanhunter-gatherer related ancestry.
Abstract: We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.

1,077 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Aug 2016-Nature
TL;DR: This paper reported genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers, showing that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other.
Abstract: We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter–gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a ‘Basal Eurasian’ lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter–gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter–gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.

695 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the statistical methods developed to identify archaic introgressed fragments in the genome sequences of modern humans and to determine whether positive selection has acted on these fragments is provided.
Abstract: As modern and ancient DNA sequence data from diverse human populations accumulate, evidence is increasing in support of the existence of beneficial variants acquired from archaic humans that may have accelerated adaptation and improved survival in new environments - a process known as adaptive introgression. Within the past few years, a series of studies have identified genomic regions that show strong evidence for archaic adaptive introgression. Here, we provide an overview of the statistical methods developed to identify archaic introgressed fragments in the genome sequences of modern humans and to determine whether positive selection has acted on these fragments. We review recently reported examples of adaptive introgression, grouped by selection pressure, and consider the level of supporting evidence for each. Finally, we discuss challenges and recommendations for inferring selection on introgressed regions.

463 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Maanasa Raghavan1, Matthias Steinrücken2, Matthias Steinrücken3, Kelley Harris3, Stephan Schiffels4, Simon Rasmussen5, Michael DeGiorgio6, Anders Albrechtsen1, Cristina Valdiosera7, Cristina Valdiosera1, María C. Ávila-Arcos8, María C. Ávila-Arcos1, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas1, Anders Eriksson9, Anders Eriksson10, Ida Moltke1, Mait Metspalu11, Mait Metspalu12, Julian R. Homburger8, Jeffrey D. Wall13, Omar E. Cornejo14, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar1, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen1, Tracey Pierre1, Morten Rasmussen8, Morten Rasmussen1, Paula F. Campos15, Paula F. Campos1, Peter de Barros Damgaard1, Morten E. Allentoft1, John Lindo16, Ene Metspalu11, Ene Metspalu12, Ricardo Rodríguez-Varela17, Josefina Mansilla, Celeste Henrickson18, Andaine Seguin-Orlando1, Helena Malmström19, Thomas W. Stafford20, Thomas W. Stafford1, Suyash Shringarpure8, Andrés Moreno-Estrada8, Monika Karmin11, Monika Karmin12, Kristiina Tambets12, Anders Bergström4, Yali Xue4, Vera Warmuth21, Andrew D. Friend10, Joy S. Singarayer22, Paul J. Valdes23, Francois Balloux, Ilán Leboreiro, Jose Luis Vera, Héctor Rangel-Villalobos24, Davide Pettener25, Donata Luiselli25, Loren G. Davis26, Evelyne Heyer27, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer28, Marcia S. Ponce de León28, Colin Smith7, Vaughan Grimes29, Vaughan Grimes30, Kelly-Anne Pike29, Michael Deal29, Benjamin T. Fuller31, Bernardo Arriaza32, Vivien G. Standen32, Maria F. Luz, Francois Ricaut33, Niede Guidon, Ludmila P. Osipova34, Ludmila P. Osipova35, Mikhail Voevoda34, Mikhail Voevoda35, Olga L. Posukh34, Olga L. Posukh35, Oleg Balanovsky, Maria Lavryashina36, Yuri Bogunov, Elza Khusnutdinova34, Elza Khusnutdinova37, Marina Gubina, Elena Balanovska, Sardana A. Fedorova38, Sergey Litvinov34, Sergey Litvinov12, Boris Malyarchuk34, Miroslava Derenko34, M. J. Mosher39, David Archer40, Jerome S. Cybulski41, Jerome S. Cybulski42, Barbara Petzelt, Joycelynn Mitchell, Rosita Worl, Paul Norman8, Peter Parham8, Brian M. Kemp14, Toomas Kivisild12, Toomas Kivisild10, Chris Tyler-Smith4, Manjinder S. Sandhu43, Manjinder S. Sandhu4, Michael H. Crawford44, Richard Villems12, Richard Villems11, David Glenn Smith45, Michael R. Waters46, Ted Goebel46, John R. Johnson47, Ripan S. Malhi16, Mattias Jakobsson19, David J. Meltzer48, David J. Meltzer1, Andrea Manica10, Richard Durbin4, Carlos Bustamante8, Yun S. Song3, Rasmus Nielsen3, Eske Willerslev1 
21 Aug 2015-Science
TL;DR: The results suggest that there has been gene flow between some Native Americans from both North and South America and groups related to East Asians and Australo-Melanesians, the latter possibly through an East Asian route that might have included ancestors of modern Aleutian Islanders.
Abstract: How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericues and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.

459 citations

Iosif Lazaridis1, Iosif Lazaridis2, Nick Patterson1, Alissa Mittnik3, Gabriel Renaud4, Swapan Mallick2, Swapan Mallick1, Karola Kirsanow5, Peter H. Sudmant6, Joshua G. Schraiber6, Joshua G. Schraiber7, Sergi Castellano4, Mark Lipson8, Bonnie Berger8, Bonnie Berger1, Christos Economou9, Ruth Bollongino5, Qiaomei Fu4, Kirsten I. Bos3, Susanne Nordenfelt2, Susanne Nordenfelt1, Heng Li2, Heng Li1, Cesare de Filippo4, Kay Prüfer4, Susanna Sawyer4, Cosimo Posth3, Wolfgang Haak10, Fredrik Hallgren11, Elin Fornander11, Nadin Rohland2, Nadin Rohland1, Dominique Delsate12, Michael Francken3, Jean-Michel Guinet12, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker13, Hamza A. Babiker14, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes15, Gabriel Bedoya16, Haim Ben-Ami17, Judit Bene18, Fouad Berrada19, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli20, George B.J. Busby21, Francesco Calì, Mikhail Churnosov22, David E. C. Cole23, Daniel Corach24, Larissa Damba, George van Driem25, Stanislav Dryomov26, Jean-Michel Dugoujon27, Sardana A. Fedorova28, Irene Gallego Romero29, Marina Gubina, Michael F. Hammer30, Brenna M. Henn31, Tor Hervig32, Ugur Hodoglugil33, Aashish R. Jha29, Sena Karachanak-Yankova34, Rita Khusainova35, Elza Khusnutdinova35, Rick A. Kittles30, Toomas Kivisild36, William Klitz7, Vaidutis Kučinskas37, Alena Kushniarevich38, Leila Laredj39, Sergey Litvinov38, Theologos Loukidis40, Theologos Loukidis41, Robert W. Mahley42, Béla Melegh18, Ene Metspalu43, Julio Molina, Joanna L. Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi44, Desislava Nesheva34, Thomas B. Nyambo45, Ludmila P. Osipova, Jüri Parik43, Fedor Platonov28, Olga L. Posukh, Valentino Romano46, Francisco Rothhammer47, Francisco Rothhammer48, Igor Rudan13, Ruslan Ruizbakiev49, Hovhannes Sahakyan50, Hovhannes Sahakyan38, Antti Sajantila51, Antonio Salas52, Elena B. Starikovskaya26, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva34, Shahlo Turdikulova49, Ingrida Uktveryte37, Olga Utevska53, René Vasquez54, Mercedes Villena54, Mikhail Voevoda55, Cheryl A. Winkler56, Levon Yepiskoposyan50, Pierre Zalloua57, Pierre Zalloua2, Tatijana Zemunik58, Alan Cooper10, Cristian Capelli21, Mark G. Thomas40, Andres Ruiz-Linares40, Sarah A. Tishkoff59, Lalji Singh60, Kumarasamy Thangaraj61, Richard Villems62, Richard Villems43, Richard Villems38, David Comas63, Rem I. Sukernik26, Mait Metspalu38, Matthias Meyer4, Evan E. Eichler6, Joachim Burger5, Montgomery Slatkin7, Svante Pääbo4, Janet Kelso4, David Reich1, David Reich64, David Reich2, Johannes Krause3, Johannes Krause4 
Broad Institute1, Harvard University2, University of Tübingen3, Max Planck Society4, University of Mainz5, University of Washington6, University of California, Berkeley7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Stockholm University9, University of Adelaide10, The Heritage Foundation11, National Museum of Natural History12, University of Edinburgh13, Sultan Qaboos University14, University of Costa Rica15, University of Antioquia16, Rambam Health Care Campus17, University of Pécs18, Al Akhawayn University19, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart20, University of Oxford21, Belgorod State University22, University of Toronto23, University of Buenos Aires24, University of Bern25, Russian Academy of Sciences26, Paul Sabatier University27, North-Eastern Federal University28, University of Chicago29, University of Arizona30, Stony Brook University31, University of Bergen32, Illumina33, Sofia Medical University34, Bashkir State University35, University of Cambridge36, Vilnius University37, Estonian Biocentre38, University of Strasbourg39, University College London40, Amgen41, Gladstone Institutes42, University of Tartu43, University of Oulu44, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences45, University of Palermo46, University of Tarapacá47, University of Chile48, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan49, Armenian National Academy of Sciences50, University of North Texas51, University of Santiago de Compostela52, University of Kharkiv53, Higher University of San Andrés54, Novosibirsk State University55, Leidos56, Lebanese American University57, University of Split58, University of Pennsylvania59, Banaras Hindu University60, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology61, Estonian Academy of Sciences62, Pompeu Fabra University63, Howard Hughes Medical Institute64
01 Sep 2014
TL;DR: The authors showed that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunters-gatherer related ancestry.
Abstract: We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.

442 citations

References
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02 Sep 2010-Nature
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22 Feb 2008-Science
TL;DR: A pattern of ancestral allele frequency distributions that reflects variation in population dynamics among geographic regions is observed and is consistent with the hypothesis of a serial founder effect with a single origin in sub-Saharan Africa.
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"Genetic Evidence for Recent Populat..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Pathan Li et al.(20) 15 IndoEuropean urban groups Pakistan 32 350N, 69 720E 70....

    [...]

  • ...Sindhi Li et al.(20) 10 IndoEuropean urban groups Pakistan 24 270N, 68 700E 64....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2012-Genetics
TL;DR: A suite of methods for learning about population mixtures are presented, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture.
Abstract: Population mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean "Iceman."

1,877 citations


"Genetic Evidence for Recent Populat..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...For f4 ratio estimation to provide unbiased results, it requires access to four outgroup populations that branch off at four distinct positions on the ancestral lineage relating ANI andASI.(26)We chose to work with Yoruba (YRI), Andamanese (Onge),(27) and two West...

    [...]

  • ...Onge])) by using our admixture graph phylogeny testing software.(26) Within the limits of our resolution, we find six groups (Pop2 1⁄4 Italian, Tuscan, Basque, Kurd, Abhkasian, Spaniard) that are consistent with thismodel in the sense that none of the f statistics relating the groups are greater than three standard errors from...

    [...]

  • ...We previously reported simulations showing that dating population mixture based on the scale of admixture LD is robust to the use of imperfect surrogates for the ancestral populations, fine-scale errors in the genetic map, and a history of founder events in the admixed population, and is able to provide unbiased estimates for the dates of events up to 500 generations ago.(26,28,29) We confirmed this by using new simulations with demographic parameters relevant to India (Appendix A)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Sep 2009-Nature
TL;DR: It is predicted that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers.
Abstract: India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyse 25 diverse groups in India to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the 'Ancestral North Indians' (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, whereas the other, the 'Ancestral South Indians' (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other. By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39-71% in most Indian groups, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the indigenous Andaman Islanders are unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years owing to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically.

1,457 citations


"Genetic Evidence for Recent Populat..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...001).(1) Our estimates of ANI ancestry are lower than we previously reported (although within two standard errors),(1) because of the fact that we previously used Papuans, Adygei, and Northwest Europeans as outgroups for ancestry estimation, whereas here we use YRI, Basque, and Georgians (Figure S1, Table S4)....

    [...]

  • ...To identify sets of Indian groups consistent with having the same relationship to the panel of non-Indians, we use a Hotelling T test as in Reich et al.31 to evaluate whether thematrix of all f4 statistics has exactly one linearly independent component (rank 1)....

    [...]

  • ...Vysya Reich et al.(1) and this study 14 (10) Dravidian middle caste Andhra Pradesh 14 410N, 77 390E 37....

    [...]

  • ...Our ancestry estimates are also statistically consistent (within two standard errors) with those of Reich et al.1 (Table S4)....

    [...]

  • ...We tested this null hypothesis (rank ¼ 0) with a Hotelling T test as described in Reich et al.31 Our simulations show that this test has power to detect a history of multiple ancestral ANI populations even when they are closely related and that genetic drift in the admixed groups cannot increase the rank (Appendix C)....

    [...]

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