Genetic relationships among American species of Prosopis (Leguminosae) based on enzyme markers
01 Jan 2005-Genetics and Molecular Biology (Sociedade Brasileira de Genética)-Vol. 28, Iss: 2, pp 277-286
TL;DR: The results suggest that the two North American species (P. velutina and P. glandulosa) would have originated in different founder events, and the series within section Algarobia are not supported by the clusters retrieved in the phenogram based on isoenzymatic data.
Abstract: In the present work, isoenzyme electrophoresis was used to analyze the variability and phenetic relationships among seven American species of genus Prosopis belonging to three different sections: P. argentina (Monilicarpa), P. glandulosa, P. velutina, P. flexuosa, P. ruscifolia, P. kuntzei (Algarobia), and P. reptans (Strombocarpa). The genetic variability in P. argentina, P. reptans, and P. kuntzei was significantly lower than in the rest of the species analyzed. The species belonging to different sections are highly differentiated, but the relationships retrieved among species belonging to the section Algarobia suggested that the series of this section are not natural groups. P. kuntzei is as differentiated from the remaining species of Algarobia as from P. reptans or P. argentina, suggesting that this species might be included in a different section. The series within section Algarobia are not supported by the clusters retrieved in the phenogram based on isoenzymatic data. The results suggest that the two North American species (P. velutina and P. glandulosa) would have originated in different founder events.
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TL;DR: A combined approach including molecular phylogeny, molecular dating, and character optimization analysis was applied to study Prosopis diversification and evolution, suggesting that prosopis is not a natural group.
Abstract: The genus Prosopis is an important member of arid and semiarid environments around the world. To study Prosopis diversification and evolution, a combined approach including molecular phylogeny, molecular dating, and character optimization analysis was applied. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from five different molecular markers (matK-trnK, trnL-trnF, trnS-psbC, G3pdh, NIA). Taxon sampling involved a total of 30 Prosopis species that represented all Sections and Series and the complete geographical range of the genus. The results suggest that Prosopis is not a natural group. Molecular dating analysis indicates that the divergence between Section Strombocarpa and Section Algarobia plus Section Monilicarpa occurred in the Oligocene, contrasting with a much recent diversification (Late Miocene) within each of these groups. The diversification of the group formed by species of Series Chilenses, Pallidae, and Ruscifoliae is inferred to have started in the Pliocene, showing a high diversification rate. The moment of diversification within the major lineages of American species of Prosopis is coincident with the spreading of arid areas in the Americas, suggesting a climatic control for diversification of the group. Optimization of habitat parameters suggests an ancient occupation of arid environments by Prosopis species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 93, 621–640.
86 citations
Cites background or result from "Genetic relationships among America..."
...The groupings obtained in our analysis are generally more in agreement with previous analyses (Ramírez et al., 1999; Bessega et al., 2005), and with traditional taxonomy (Fig....
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...In addition, none of these studies have evaluated the nature of the Prosopis generic limits as either outgroups were not included (Ramírez et al., 1999; Bessega et al., 2005), or these were distantly related to Prosopis species (Bessega et al., 2006)....
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...In addition, none of these studies have evaluated the nature of the Prosopis generic limits as either outgroups were not included (Ramírez et al., 1999; Bessega et al., 2005), or these were distantly related to Prosopis species (Bessega et al....
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TL;DR: This work aimed to determine whether American Prosopis sections arose in North or South America, and to explain the current distribution of their species on the basis of their genetic relationships.
Abstract: Aim The genus Prosopis includes 44 species and has a pseudoamphitropical, disjunct distribution. We aimed to determine whether American Prosopis sections arose in North or South America, and to explain the current distribution of their species on the basis of their genetic relationships.
Location South-western USA, Mexico, Caribbean Antilles, Peru–Ecuador, central and northern Argentina, south-western Argentina (Patagonia) and Cuyo, south-western Asia and northern Africa.
Methods Internal transcribed spacer fragments from 21 species of Prosopis were sequenced and the data were used to analyse the phylogenetic relationships using Microlobius and Mimosa as outgroups. Genetic distances were calculated to estimate the degree of divergence. Dispersal–vicariance (DIVA) analysis was conducted to help understand the biogeographical history of the genus.
Main conclusions The sections Strombocarpa and Algarobia are not monophyletic. Prosopis argentina (section Monilicarpa) and the species of Algarobia are included in single clade. The phylogeny, DIVA analysis, and the pattern of genetic distances indicate that the ancestral area for the American species was wide, from south-western USA to Central and northern Argentina. Successive vicariance events split this area, and long-distance dispersal episodes (perhaps mediated by birds) led to recolonizations from North to South America, and vice versa.
41 citations
Cites background from "Genetic relationships among America..."
...Bessega et al. (2005) also observed that section Monilicarpa is as differentiated from Algarobia as it is from Strombocarpa....
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...Previous studies based on phenetic relationships through isoenzyme data (Hunziker et al., 1986; Saidman et al., 1996; Bessega et al., 2005) indicated that sections Algarobia and Strombocarpa are highly differentiated....
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TL;DR: Although Algarrobos could have appeared as early as 4200 yr BP in northernmost Chile, they only became common throughout the Atacama over a thousand years later, during and after the Formative period.
Abstract: Archaeological and palaeoecological studies throughout the Americas have documented widespread landscape and environmental transformation during the pre-Columbian era. The highly dynamic Formative (or Neolithic) period in northern Chile (ca. 3700-1550 yr BP) brought about the local establishment of agriculture, introduction of new crops (maize, quinoa, manioc, beans, etc.) along with a major population increase, new emergent villages and technological innovations. Even trees such as the Algarrobos (Prosopis section Algarobia) may have been part of this transformation. Here, we provide evidence that these species were not native to the Atacama Desert of Chile (18-27°S), appearing only in the late Holocene and most likely due to human actions. We assembled a database composed of 41 taxon specific AMS radiocarbon dates from archaeobotanical and palaeoecological records (rodent middens, leaf litter deposits), as well an extensive bibliographical review comprising archaeobotanical, paleoecological, phylogenetic and taxonomic data to evaluate the chronology of introduction and dispersal of these trees. Although Algarrobos could have appeared as early as 4200 yr BP in northernmost Chile, they only became common throughout the Atacama over a thousand years later, during and after the Formative period. Cultural and natural factors likely contributed to its spread and consolidation as a major silvicultural resource.
40 citations
TL;DR: These loci will enable genetic diversity studies of P. alba and P. chilensis and contribute to fine-scale population structure, indirect estimation of relatedness among individuals, and marker-assisted selection.
Abstract: Premise of the study: As only six useful microsatellite loci that exhibit broad cross-amplification are so far available for Prosopis species, it is necessary to develop a larger number of codominant markers for population genetic studies. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers obtained for Prosopis species from a 454 pyrosequencing run were optimized and characterized for studies in P. alba and P. chilensis. Methods and Results: Twelve markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism in P. alba and P. chilensis. The number of alleles per locus ranged between two and seven and heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. Most of these loci cross-amplify in P. ruscifolia, P. flexuosa, P. kuntzei, P. glandulosa, and P. pallida. Conclusions: These loci will enable genetic diversity studies of P. alba and P. chilensis and contribute to fine-scale population structure, indirect estimation of relatedness among individuals, and marker-assisted selection.
33 citations
TL;DR: The hierarchical analyses of the distribution of genetic variability showed that the highest proportion of variation occurred within populations, the differentiation among species was intermediate and the lowest component was observed among populations within species.
Abstract: Genetic variability, population structure and differentiation among 17 populations of 5 species and 2 natural interspecific hybrids of section Algarobia of genus Prosopis were analyzed from data of 23 isozyme and 28 RAPD loci. Both markers indicated that the studied populations are highly variable. P. alba populations in average showed lower values of genetic variability estimates from isozyme data, but this trend was not observed for RAPD markers. The hierarchical analyses of the distribution of genetic variability showed that the highest proportion of variation occurred within populations, the differentiation among species was intermediate and the lowest component was observed among populations within species. The consistency between results from both dataset implies that they are not biased and reflect the actual genetic structure of the populations analyzed. The matrices of Euclidean distances obtained from the two sets of markers were highly correlated according to Mantel test. In both cases the corresponding phenogram and MDS plot tended to cluster conspecific populations while hybrid populations were not intermediate between putative parents. Some disagreements between isozyme and RAPD phenograms were observed mainly in the affinities of hybrid populations. Such inconsistencies might result from reticular rather than dichotomic evolutionary relationships. The phenetic associations retrieved gave no support to the division of the section Algarobia into series.
27 citations
Cites result from "Genetic relationships among America..."
...By contrast, most of the analyzed species of Algarobia showed high isozymatic similarity (Saidman 1986; Saidman and Vilardi 1987, 1993; Saidman et al. 2000; Bessega et al. 2005) and only few species are recognized by the patterns of few loci (Saidman 1990; Saidman et al....
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...By contrast, most of the analyzed species of Algarobia showed high isozymatic similarity (Saidman 1986; Saidman and Vilardi 1987, 1993; Saidman et al. 2000; Bessega et al. 2005) and only few species are recognized by the patterns of few loci (Saidman 1990; Saidman et al. 2000)....
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References
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TL;DR: Allozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA techniques have been compared for their usefulness for genetic and taxo-nomic studies in Prosopis glandulosa and P. velutina populations and RAPD markers showed higher values for genetic differentiation among conspecific populations of P.glanduosa and a lower coefficient of variation than those obtained from isozymes.
Abstract: Allozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques have been compared for their usefulness for genetic and taxo-nomic studies in Prosopis glandulosa and P. velutina populations. Isozymes and RAPDs yielded similarly high estimates of geneticvariability. Genetic structure and differentiation were analyzed through non-hierarchical Wright’s F DT . For all populations considered, bothmarkers produced low gene flow (Nm 1), in agreement with that expected for conspecific populations. However, in RAPD data the expectedreduction in F DT and the increase in Nm were not observed. Correlation between F DT and geographical distance matrices (Mantel test) forall populations was significant (P = 0.02) when based on isozymes, but not so (P = 0.33) when based on RAPDs. No significantassociations among genetic and geographical or climatic variables were observed. Two isoenzyme systems (GOT and PRX) enabled usto distinguish between P. glandulosa and P. velutina , but no diagnostic band for recognition of populations or species studied here weredetected by RAPD. However, RAPD markers showed higher values for genetic differentiation among conspecific populations of P.glandulosa and a lower coefficient of variation than those obtained from isozymes.
27 citations
"Genetic relationships among America..." refers background or result in this paper
...The relationships observed among species in isoenzymatic (Saidman and Vilardi, 1993; Bessega et al., 2000a,b) and molecular (Ramírez et al., 1999; Saidman et al., 1998a,b; Saidman et al., 2000) analyses are not consistent with the series....
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...Finally, Bessega et al. (2000a) advanced the hypothesis that hybridization may have played a role in the first steps of species diversification of this group promoting reticulate evolution and boosting invasiveness ability....
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...Recent studies on the mating system of P. alba, P. nigra, P. flexuosa, P. glandulosa, P. velutina, P. ruscifolia, and P.chilensis (Bessega et al., 2000b) indicated that they are mostly outcrosser, although about 15% selfing can occur....
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...In agreement with previous RAPD and isoenzymatic studies (Bessega et al., 2000c) and cladistic analyses based on cpDNA and rDNA data (Bessega, 2001), the present results suggest that P. glandulosa and P. velutina would have originated from two independent founder events....
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TL;DR: Investigation of regions by a genome scan for linkage and allelic association requires international collaborative studies to reach the necessary sample size, using lod-based methods that specify a weakly parametric alternative hypothesis and can be combined over studies that differ in ascertainment, phenotypes, and markers.
Abstract: Meta-analysis is presented for published studies on linkage or allelic association that have in common only reported significance levels. Reporting is biassed, and nonsignificance is seldom quantified. Therefore meta-analysis cannot identify oligogenes within a candidate region nor establish their significance, but it defines candidate regions well. Applied to a database on atopy and asthma, candidate regions are identified on chromosomes 6, 5, 16, 11, 12, 13, 14, 7, 20, and 10, in rank order from strongest to weakest evidence. On the other hand, there is little support for chromosomes 9, 8, 18, 1, and 15 in the same rank order. The evidence from 156 publications is reviewed for each region. With reasonable type I and II errors several thousand affected sib pairs would be required to detect a locus accounting for 1/10 of the genetic effect on asthma. Identification of regions by a genome scan for linkage and allelic association requires international collaborative studies to reach the necessary sample size, using lod-based methods that specify a weakly parametric alternative hypothesis and can be combined over studies that differ in ascertainment, phenotypes, and markers. This has become the central problem in complex inheritance.
25 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the results with those obtained earlier for species of the section Algarobia showed that genetic variability in the section Strombocarpa is lower than in the sections Alagarobia, while the species divergence is much higher, which suggest different adaptive strategies between these sections.
Abstract: We studied degree of variability and relationships among populations belonging to five species of the section Strombocarpa of the family Leguminosae, namelyProsopis ferox, P. torquata, P. pubescens, P. strombulifera andP. reptans, by isozyme electrophoresis. The genetic similarity betweenP. reptans andP. strombulifera is high enough for the two to be considered subspecies or geographic races ofP. strombulifera instead of good taxonomic species. As expected these species cluster withP. pubescens, all belonging to series Strombocarpae. This group is different isoenzymatically from the remaining species,P. torquata andP. ferox. Comparison of our results with those obtained earlier for species of the section Algarobia showed that genetic variability in the section Strombocarpa is lower than in the section Algarobia, while the species divergence is much higher. These results suggest different adaptive strategies between these sections.
23 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained suggest that the high genetic similarity among the species of the section Algarobia studied is not due to hybridization, and is probably due to population substructure and low rates of selfing.
Abstract: The Chaquena Biogeographic Province, in South America, is the main diversity centre of Prosopis. A group of sympatric species of Section Algarobia in this region constitutes a syngameon, characterised by frequent hybridization and introgression. These processes have been postulated as responsible for the low genetic differentiation observed among species within this group. In this study genetic variability and differentiation among geographically isolated species of the same section was analysed through isoenzyme electrophoresis. Variability parameters and fixation indices were estimated to determine the genetic structure of populations. Two Argentinean, P. ruscifolia ('vinal') and P. flexuosa ('algarrobo amarillo'), and one North American species, P. glandulosa (honey mesquite) were studied. All of them showed, similarly to other species of the same section, high genetic variability and exhibit homozygote excess, probably due to population substructure and low rates of selfing. In contrast to our hypothesis, genetic similarity among species is not related to geographic distance. Genetic distances between P. glandulosa and South American species are similar to those observed among species of this subcontinent. The results obtained suggest that the high genetic similarity among the species of the section Algarobia studied is not due to hybridization.
23 citations
"Genetic relationships among America..." refers background or result in this paper
...The relationships observed among species in isoenzymatic (Saidman and Vilardi, 1993; Bessega et al., 2000a,b) and molecular (Ramírez et al., 1999; Saidman et al., 1998a,b; Saidman et al., 2000) analyses are not consistent with the series....
[...]
...Finally, Bessega et al. (2000a) advanced the hypothesis that hybridization may have played a role in the first steps of species diversification of this group promoting reticulate evolution and boosting invasiveness ability....
[...]
...Recent studies on the mating system of P. alba, P. nigra, P. flexuosa, P. glandulosa, P. velutina, P. ruscifolia, and P.chilensis (Bessega et al., 2000b) indicated that they are mostly outcrosser, although about 15% selfing can occur....
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...In agreement with previous RAPD and isoenzymatic studies (Bessega et al., 2000c) and cladistic analyses based on cpDNA and rDNA data (Bessega, 2001), the present results suggest that P. glandulosa and P. velutina would have originated from two independent founder events....
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01 Jan 1985
14 citations
"Genetic relationships among America..." refers methods in this paper
...The methods employed for the former seven systems are described in Saidman (1985). For IDH and SKD the method was adapted from Verga (1995)....
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...The methods employed for the former seven systems are described in Saidman (1985)....
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