Genetic variation of five blood group polymorphisms in ten populations of Assam, India
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Cites background from "Genetic variation of five blood gro..."
...Hinduized groups: The di erent ethnic groups like the Ahoms, Kochs and Rajbanshis, who have embraced Hinduism, or become assimilated into Hindu culture (Das 1987, Das et al. 1987, Bhowmik, Huq and Basu 1988), were categorized as the Hinduized groups for expediency of the present study....
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Cites background from "Genetic variation of five blood gro..."
...Both Mongoloid and Caucasoid represent definite degree of differences in cultural and biological traits....
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...The major tribal groups are of Mongoloid origin, who came to the region at different times, possibly earlier than Caucasoid (Das et al., 1987; Kumar et al., 2004)....
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...A Aagya, 64, 71, 72 Aalaav, 213 Aboriginal tribes, 61, 210, 211, 238 Abortifacient, 99 Abortion, 217, 220, 229, 245, 257 Abrus precatorius, 109, 212, 216, 239, 320, 359, 366 Acacia, 62, 64, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 109, 171, 187, 211, 216, 239, 321, 356– 359, 366 Academic ethnobotany, 272 Academicians, 49, 252 Accountability, 59 Adiantum caudatum, 62, 110 phillippense, 62 Administrative districts, 28 Aegle marmelos, 110, 187, 216, 321 African tribes, 281 Agarsita, 81 Xanthium strumarium, 81, 149 Ageratum conyzoides, 108, 110, 171, 172, 184, 187, 216, 366 Agricultural crops, 210 expansion, 42, 87 recession, 41 sustainability, 48 technologies, 8 Agro chemicals, 278 ecological, 58 ecosystem, 41 Agroforestry, 35,36, 44–48, 50, 101, 167 Agro-industries, 278 Agronomical, 45 Ailments, 9, 94, 98–108, 182, 183, 186, 234, 250, 255, 257, 259–261, 304, 344, 335 Akhuni, 64, 72, 74 Alamus andamanicus, 214 Alangium salvifolium, 322 Albizzia odoratissima, 165 procera, 165 Alcoholic beverage, 57, 75–77, 79– 82, 86, 88 drinks, 75 Alcoholic ethnic foods, 71 Alkaloids, 94, 281, 322, 330, 358 Alleppey turmeric, 294 Allium, 63, 78, 111, 187, 253, 322 Allopathic, 12, 178, 186, 256 Alluvial plains, 97 Alnus nepalensis, 47, 48, 111 Aloysia gratissima, 283 Alpinia nigra, 108, 111 Aluminum vessels, 213 buchu, 213 Ammonification, 40 Amomum dealbatum, 62 Amylase, 331 Anamirta cocculus, 171, 217 Ancestral spirits, 71, 75, 85 Ancient literature, 94, 95, 280 Ancistrocladus korupensis, 281 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1, 3–5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 60, 61, 178, 183, 186, 203, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215, 234, 238, 298 Andhra Pradesh, 294, 295, 353 Andrographis paniculata, 113, 320, 321, 323 Andrographolide, 323 Anemia, 59, 136, 304 Angami, 6, 19, 20, 25, 26, 63, 74, 77, 84, 105, 108, 253, 260 Angiosperms, 100, 106, 261 376 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Angkur, 81, 82 Animal feeds, 61 husbandry, 9, 46, 181, 183 Animism, 6 Anishi, 64, 72, 74 Annesia fragrans, 102 Anodendron paniculatum, 211, 217, 235, 245 Anthropogenic, 36, 282 pressure, 277 training, 271 Anthropologists, 238 Anthropology, 271 Antibacterial, 305–307 Antibiotics, 184, 355 Anticancer/anticough/antifever, 102 Antidandruff effects, 306 Antidiabetic, 12, 102, 103, 115, 120, 125, 131, 139, 309, 318–322, 324, 326, 327, 331–333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 343, 345 activity, 103, 318, 319, 324, 327, 331, 332, 340, 345 plants, 2, 12, 318 Anti-diarrheal, 102 Antifertility, 99, 107, 261 Antifungal, 305 Anti-fungal properties, 251 Antihyperglycaemic, 330, 343 Antihyperglycemic action, 326 activity, 324 Antihypertensive, 102 Anti-inflammatory, 100, 229, 304–307, 309 agent, 304, 306 properties, 100 Anti-jaundice plants, 98 Antimalarial compound, 279 plants, 108 therapies, 254 Antimutagen, 305 Antioxidant property, 181 Antiparasitic, 305 Antiperiodic, 219, 305 Antiseptic, 124, 128, 132, 136, 145, 259, 308, 356 Apatanis, 50 Aperient, 219, 305 Apong, 77, 80 Araceae, 243, 255, 322 Archaeological evidence, 180 Areca catechu L. (Betel palm), 5, 113, 188, 218, 323, 356 Arecaceae, 165, 168, 239, 240, 242, 323, 326 Arisaema leschenaulti, 62 Arnam Kethe, 71 Aroma, 67, 76, 85 Aromatic, 80, 299, 303, 356 resin, 245 Arora, 61 Artabotrys speciosus, 214, 239 Artemisia annua L, 96 Arthritis, 104, 107, 110, 131, 138, 145, 197, 223, 257, 260, 308 Artocarpus chaplasha, 214 Artocarpus heterophyllus, 62, 78, 79, 114, 166, 167, 188, 324, 366 Artocarpus lakoocha, 214 Arunachal Pradesh, 4, 6, 15, 17, 19, 24, 25, 30, 31, 35, 36, 38, 42, 61–63, 71, 76, 82, 97, 100–104, 168, 170, 171, 183, 186, 249, 252, 253, 255, 256 Asparagus racemosus, 108, 114, 189, 324 Aspirin, 280, 309 Assam, 4, 15, 17–19, 24–26, 28, 29, 31, 55, 63, 64, 69, 73, 80–83, 85, 86, 93, 98–104, 106–108, 150, 168, 177, 181–183, 186, 207, 249, 252–255, 323 Asteraceae family, 183 Astringent, 133, 186, 216, 305, 344 Atherogenesis, 319 Atingba/Yu, 80 Australoid, 17, 18 Austro-Asiatic, 6, 15, 17, 18, 215 Ayurveda, 100, 180, 181, 186, 294, 304, 305, 318, 319, 358 Ayurvedic drug company, 280 Index 377 B Baccahris articulata, 283 Baccaurea ramiflora, 114, 214, 239 Baccharis crispa, 283 Baiga tribes, 323 Baisakhi, 31 Baked, 66, 241, 243, 307 Baked products, 307 Bakhor, 81 Balms, 307 Balphakrah Wildlife Sanctuary, 98 Bamboo, 20, 27, 30, 38–40, 43, 48, 62, 66–68, 70–75, 80–86, 165, 167, 173, 210, 215 communities, 167 containers, 30 cups, 84 productivity, 48, 167 shoot, 64, 84 thickets, 38 Bambusa spp, 62 nutans, 64, 69 spinosa, 186, 189 Bambusa tulda, 62, 115, 171, 189 Banana, 68, 69, 72, 73, 80, 82, 85, 86, 244, 307 Barak valley, 29, 97, 252 Barbadensis, 111, 187, 322 Barringtonia asiatica, 212, 218, 235, 239 Begonia roxburghii, 103, 115 Bejas/Bejins, 99 Bekang, 64, 72 Belphuar tree, 72 Berberis aristata DC, 115, 325 Beverages, 10, 63, 71, 75, 76, 80, 83, 173, 307 Beyul Demojong, 30 hidden valley of rice, 30 Bhoot jolokia, 85 Bhutan, 17, 30 Bhutias, 30, 170 wood crafts, 170, 171 Big momos, 86 Biguanides, 319 Bio-amelioration, 48 Biodiversity, 5, 7, 39, 43, 56–59, 61, 93, 97, 106, 108, 164, 210, 244, 249–252, 257, 260, 262, 280 Bioinformatics revolution, 10 Biological compounds., 178 diversity, 8, 38, 56, 97, 103, 179, 284, 309 invasions, 38 traits, 18 Biomass, 40, 46, 48 Biomes, 97, 252 Biomolecules, 273 Biophytum sensitivum, 325 Bioprospecting, 7, 8, 10, 11, 270, 273, 275, 278–281, 285, 286 Bioresources, 186, 281, 282, 285 Biscuits, 307 Bisdemethoxycurcumin, 299 Bixa orellana, 169, 189 Blood purifier, 113, 129, 136, 305 Blood thinning medications, 309 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), 326 Bodo tribes, 19 Body ache, 110, 122, 257 Boiled, 66, 166, 331, 367 Boiling process/boils, 112, 114, 115, 124, 131, 141, 148, 149, 217, 220, 223, 226, 229, 230, 232, 257, 299, 305 Boric acid, 308 Botanical families, 76, 238 name, 261, 318 Botanical Survey of India, 214 Botanical training, 271 Botanist, 283 Botano-chemicals, 164 Brahmaputra, 3, 4, 29, 97, 98, 99, 252 Brewing, 75 British Pharmacopoeia (BP), 15, 17,, 185 Broad implementation, 44 Brucia javanica L., 325 Buddhist monasteries, 171 Burns, 118, 122, 132, 226, 257 378 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 C Curcuma aeruginosa, 297, 298, 303 angustifolia, 281, 297, 298 aromatica, 297, 298, 300–302 auriculata, 327 collina, 168 decipiens, 297, 298 erectus, 168 flagellum, 168 floribundus, 168 guruba, 168 inermis, 168 kwangsiensis, 298 latifolius, 168 leptospadix, 168 longa, 11, 169, 296, 297, 299, 300–302, 331 malabarica, 298 montana, 297, 298 ochrorhiza, 298 pierreana, 298 pseudomontana, 297, 298 tenuis, 168 zedoaria, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303 Caatinga vegetation, 282 Caesalpinia bonduc, 108, 219 Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming Bonduc nut (Cesalpinaceae), 326 Calamoideae, 168 Calamus tenuis, 103 Calculus formation, 355 Callicarpa arborea, 103, 117 Canarium euphyllum, 219, 235, 245 Cane strips, 215 Canes, 20, 168, 173 Canna indica L, 326 Capparis jacobinae, 282 Car Nicobar Island, 234 Caraway seeds, 304 Carbohydrates, 214, 299, 359 Cardamom, 47, 358 Cardiac glycosides, 280 Cardiovascular diseases, 11 Carica papaya, 118, 190, 211, 240, 245, 326, 361, 366 Caries, 354–356, 359, 369 Carminative, 117, 305 Carthamus tinctorius L, 169 Cassia auriculata, 308, 321, 327 podocarpa, 281 Castanopsis indica, 172 Caucasoid, 18 Cedrela odorata L, 282 Cedrus deodora, 108, 366 Celastrus stylosa, 5 Celosia argentea L, 119, 328 Cephalostachyum capitatum, 62 Cereals, 37, 46, 67, 307 Chakma tribe, 106, 261 Chamdo region of Tibet, 27 Cheese, 306, 359 Chemical drugs, 184 Chemoprospecting, 278 Chewing stems, 238 Child birth, 98, 144, 218, 225, 257 Chilies, 66, 67, 72, 73, 85, 86 Chinampa cultivation, 42 Chinese medicinal system, 304 Cho-Jun, 64, 68, 69, 71 Choko/Jonga-mod, 81 Cholagogue, 305 Cholera, 98, 119, 128, 131, 138, 143, 217, 219, 257 Chromosomal aberrations, 181 Chronic cough, 304 diseases, 8 hyperglycemia, 11, 319 Chutneys, 306 Cinchona officinalis, 95 Cissus quadrangularis, 120, 186, 191 Citation richness (CR), 276, 277, 278 Citrullus vulgaris, 76, 328 Civilization, 96, 100, 180, 215, 256, 271 Clan, 26, 28 Classic, 41, 42 Clerodendron odoratum, 169 Index 379 colebrookianum, 102 infortunatum, 108, 191 Climate fluctuation, 56 Clinical persons, 270, 279 practice, 250 Codified, 355, 358, 359 Coffee based agroforestry, 47 Colonial rule, 210 Coloring agent, 11 Coloring butter, 306 Colquhounia coccinea, 256 Commiphora mukul, 304, 366 Compact mass, 299 Complexion, 304, 307 Conceptual reorientation, 272 Concerted multidisciplinary, 88 Condiments, 62, 67 Consensus, 270, 275, 276, 284, 286 Conservation, 31, 43, 45–47, 56–58, 88, 95, 96, 103, 166, 178, 185, 212, 250, 254–258, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 280, 282, 285, 286 priority index (CPI), 270, 277, 282–285 Constipation, 107, 119, 132, 135, 138–140, 143, 148, 150, 190, 192, 194, 196, 197, 200, 229, 230, 257 Construction materials, 40, 61 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 279, 280 Conventional crops, 88 Cooked beans, 72, 73 Coptis teeta, 108, 122 Coral bedded sea, 245 Cordial, 305 Cortex, 298, 299 Cortical meristeles, 299 vascular bundles, 299 Cosmetics, 11, 270, 278, 286, 301, 307 uses, 307 Cottage cheese, 86 Cough, 107, 109, 110, 112–116, 120, 121, 124, 127–136, 138, 139–142, 145–149, 182, 187, 189, 194–198, 219, 221–223, 226, 230, 231, 233, 257, 261, 306 Cow therapy, 181 Crafts and furniture, 20 Crateva magna, 330 Creatinine, 336 Crocodile hunting, 244 Crop diversity, 18 improvement, 296, 298, 301 Croton caudatus, 123, 169, 191 joufra, 78, 81 rhamnifolius, 282 tiglium, 171 Crude extracts, 96, 106 Cucumis sativus, 64, 108, 192 Cuisines, 244 Culinary methods, 55, 56, 60, 66, 68, 84 food products, 66 Cultic dish, 305 Cultural Agreement Index (CAI), 277, 285 Cultural continuity, 58 diversity, 18, 59, 60, 103, 252 elements, 57 importance index, 277, 284 practices, 57, 88, 97 significance, 270, 275 value, 61, 63 Cumbersome processes, 244 Curanga amara, 108, 123 Curative properties, 94, 96, 102 Curcuma, 11, 64, 69, 71, 123, 124, 169, 192, 194, 196, 222, 294–302, 308, 330 longa L., 192, 294, 295, 308 Curcumin, 294, 299, 300, 305, 306, 308, 309 Curcuminoids, 11, 299, 301, 302, 306, 308, 309 Cured rhizome, 298 Curry paste, 307 powders, 306 Cuscuta reflexa, 103, 124, 222 380 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Customary laws, 254 Cycads, 104, 254 Cycas rumphii, 212, 214, 240 Cyclosorus extensus, 78, 171, 172 D Daemonorops jenkinsianus, 168 Dairy products, 307 Darjeeling Himalayas, 104, 260, 320, 322, 324–330, 333–344 Darlong community, 261 Dasain, 31 Data acquisition, 60 Data compilations, 272 information, 258 Dead tissue decomposition, 41 Debang Biosphere Reserve, 63, 101 Decentralization, 42 Decision-makers, 59 Decoction, 320–325, 328–330, 333, 334, 336, 338, 340–344, 359–362, 365, 366, 368 Deep ravines, 29 Defensive protection, 250, 251 Deforestation, 36, 38, 186 Degree of attention (DA), 277, 278 Demarcation, 17 Demethoxycurcumin, 299 Demineralize, 355 Dental care, 354, 355, 369 pathologies, 359 problems, 2, 12, 354, 355, 358 therapeutic applications, 368 Deori ethnic group, 76 tribe, 254 Derris scandens, 172 Despotic chiefs, 15, 25 Detergent, 305 Deterrent, 71, 261 Detrimental effects, 36 Dexamethasone administered rats, 322 Dhemaji district, 29, 104, 182, 255 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 11, 181, 318–321, 325, 327, 338, 343, 345 Diabetic treatment, 318, 320, 323, 327 Dialects, 17, 24, 31, 61 Dibang valley, 25 Dietary, 56, 60, 86, 102, 238, 244, 354 taboos, 56 Digestive properties, 186, 294 Digitalis purpurea, 280 Digitoxin, 280 Digoxin, 280 Dillenia, 68, 103, 108, 125, 167, 192 Dilution, 87 Diminution, 334 Diocorea alata, 62 Dioscorea bulbifera, 125, 214, 223, 240 glabra, 212, 214, 240 vexans, 214 Diospyros andamanica, 214, 240 Diphenylalkanoids, 299 Diphenylheptanoids, 299 Diplazium esculentum, 103 Dipterocarpaceae, 39, 357, 361 Shorea robusta, 357 Direct compression tablets, 307 Disintensification, 42 Dissemination, 185 Diuretic, 131, 220, 223, 227, 305, 325 Diverse ethnicity, 17 stakeholders, 10 Diversitiesethnic, 86 Diversity, 1, 15, 62, 63, 207, 239 food plants, 55, 60, 238 Documentation, 2, 10, 11, 12, 48, 60, 87, 94, 95, 96, 98, 105, 167, 179, 249, 250, 251, 255, 262, 272, 369 Domestication, 178, 180 Donax canaeformis, 214, 223 Draft animals, 9 Dravidian, 17 Dried bamboo, 73 Drug development, 262, 276, 279 discovery, 95, 270 Index 381 Dual heath care, 256 Duggirala turmeric, 294 Dugong dugon, 245 Dugout canoe making, 211 Dupka community, 105 Dye dyeing wool, 307 producing plants, 164 yielding plants, 169, 173, 256 Dyslipidemia, 337 Dysoxylum procerum, 62 E Earthen containers, 75 pitcher, 81 East Khasi hills, 100 East Siang district, 104, 255 Eastern Himalayas, 4, 61, 97, 102, 105, 252, 258 Eco-friendly methods, 44 Ecological tools, 283 Economic activities, 171, 258 constraints, 44 potential, 62 social compulsion, 26 Eco-sustainable model, 36, 48, 50 Ecotourism, 56, 88 Edible flowers, 63 Edible plants, 60– 62, 104, 165, 212, 238, 250, 253, 255, 262, 271 Efficacy, 12, 103, 185, 250, 320, 345, 355 Electronic storage, 10 Eleusine corocana, 76 Emblica officinalis, 47, 62, 127, 140, 165, 166, 308, 332 Emmenagogue, 219, 225, 305 Empirical evidence, 58 Encroachment, 87 Endangered orchids, 47 plant species, 5, 184 Endemic plants, 5 Endemism, 62 Endodermoid ring, 298, 299 Endogamous groups, 17 Endogamy, 15 Endogenous institutions, 59 Environmental management, 95 stress, 88 Ephedrine, 280 Ephemeral fever, 183 Epilepsy, 98, 120, 149, 225, 232 Ergometrine, 280 Eromba, 67, 68, 70 Eryngium foetidum, 244 Ethanolic extract (turmeric), 305, 324, 330, 332, 336, 337, 340, 342 Ethnic beverages, 75 communities, 6–9, 15, 25, 27, 28, 30, 72, 84, 102, 106, 164, 179, 285, 318, 355 cuisine, 67, 69 culture, 31, 96 diversity, 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 30, 31, 86 foods, 55–61, 66, 67, 84, 86–88, 181, 208, 238 plants, 61 systems, 55, 88 diversity, 61 languages, 31 linguistic, 8 multiplicity, 15, 93 people, 60, 95, 103, 208, 262, 320, 369 plants, 88 racial groups, 17 richness, 18 tapestry, 18 traditional knowledge, 11 tribes, 5, 63, 67, 98, 99, 107, 108, 165, 208, 250, 253, 322–329, 331, 332–336, 338–344, 355 Ethnicity, 26, 28, 36, 57, 58, 167, 210 382 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Ethno, 7, 11, 12, 26, 36, 49, 101, 107, 166, 178, 182, 183, 256, 257, 259, 261, 275, 278, 281, 282 Ethno documentation, 12 Ethnoagriculture, 2, 7, 35, 36, 41, 49, 50 Ethnobiological studies, 274 Ethnobiologists, 282 Ethnobotanical appraisal, 254 claims, 270 data, 272, 274, 275, 284 data techniques, 274 exploration, 164, 208 information, 10, 96, 103, 105, 238, 270 knowledge, 2, 6, 10, 249, 250, 262, 282, 284, 318 phytoresources, 285 profile, 234 research, 10, 252, 253, 255, 270–275, 277, 281–286 studies, 60, 97, 99, 102–104, 250, 260, 284 Ethnobotanicity index (EI), 285 Ethnobotanists, 10, 12, 270, 272, 277, 279, 283, 284 Ethnobotany, 2, 8, 10, 12, 60, 61, 88, 95, 98, 101, 105, 108, 164, 165, 171, 179, 238, 245, 253, 262, 269–273, 277, 281–286, 293–295, 310, 355 Ethnodirected approaches, 281 Ethnoecology, 36, 50, 270, 285 Ethnofood, 2, 245 Ethnographic component, 369 Ethnography, 368 Ethnomedical experts, 12 treatment, 12, 368, 369 Ethnomedicinal diversity, 94 knowledge, 106, 260 plants, 2, 94, 98, 100–102, 105, 106–108, 151, 165, 182, 234, 245, 250, 252, 258–261, 275, 278, 345 practices, 102 survey, 257 treatment, 12, 257 utility, 100 Ethnomedicine, 97, 99, 164, 165, 279, 283, 368 Ethnopedology, 48, 167 Ethnopharmacological, 255 Ethnopharmacology, 253, 368 Ethnosciences, 178 Ethnoveterinary, 2, 7, 9, 11, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 203 medicine, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185 medicinal plants, 183 Ethnoveterinary practices (EVP), 9, 178, 181, 182, 183 Ethnozoology, 179 Eupatorium nodiflorum, 102, 128 Euptelia, 5 European Patent Office (EPO), 251 Exploitation, 11, 40, 60, 186, 281 F Facial hair, 307 proximity, 24 Factor of informant consensus (FIC), 275, 284 Fallow period, 38–41 Family influence, 256 Famine food, 58, 62 Fenugreek, 343 Fermentation, 57, 67, 72, 73, 77, 76, 80–84, 86, 87 process, 72, 73 technologies, 57 Fermented bamboo shoots, 67, 73, 74 beans, 72 ethnic foods, 71, 84 foods, 57, 67, 76, 86 millet, 30 Fertile plains, 26 Fertility restoration capacity, 36 Festive occasions, 254 Fiber yielding plants, 164 Index 383 properties, 256 Ficus, 73, 129, 167, 193, 194, 211, 214, 224, 236, 240, 241, 254, 332, 333, 356, 357, 361, 362, 366 benghalensis L.: Banyan tree (Moraceae), 332 Fidelity level (FL), 275, 276, 284 Filtration, 80, 82, 83, 87 Fishing technology, 245 Fistula, 118, 190, 259, 304, 327 Flavonoids, 94, 96, 179, 299, 322, 330 Flavonol compound, 299 Flavoring agent, 303 purpose, 307 Flemingea strobilifera, 108 Flora, 2, 4, 10, 31, 95, 97, 105, 168, 212, 250, 256, 277, 282, 285, 355 Floral diversity, 40, 93, 101 Faunal diversity, 17 Floristic diversity, 8, 318 Flossing, 356 Flotsam, 214 Folk knowledge, 178, 270 medical systems, 11 medicine, 99, 234, 254, 257, 298, 303, 305, 325, 327 Folklore claim, 333 Folkloric treatment, 104 Folkloristic significance, 95 Food additives, 278 Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO), 38, 44, 57 Food applications, 306 colorant, 294, 301 culture, 84, 245 flavoring, 293 plants, 7, 8, 10, 12, 55–57, 60–63, 87, 88, 212, 238, 255 practices, 58 systems, 7, 8, 56–60, 84, 87, 88, 178, 211 Fungus-infested balls, 83 Future prospects, 270, 286 G Galo tribe, 71, 76, 82 Garcinia cowa, 129, 194, 214, 241 kola, 281 xanthochymus, 169 Garo Hills, 28, 98, 259 Garos, 28, 253 Gastrointestinal, 106, 115, 126, 131, 146 ailments, 106 Gelatin capsules, 307 Gelatinized lumps, 298 Gelatins, 307 Genetic disorder, 319 potential, 47 resources, 57, 278 Germplasm, 42 Ginger based agroforestry system, 47 Gingival, 354, 355, 356, 369 Gingivitis, 354, 355, 359 Ginsenodies, 96 Glaphylopteriosis erubescens, 73 Global consumers, 172 ecosystem, 5 level, 164 perspective, 286 Globalization, 8, 56, 59, 87 Glucose absorption, 326 Glutinous rice, 76, 80, 82 Gnetum gnemon, 64, 65, 68, 70 Gohpur, 99, 182 Gompas, 30 Grain maturity stage, 43 Grazing, 40 Great Andamanese, 6, 171, 208, 210–212, 238–243, 245 Gymnema sylvestre, 308, 320, 323, 330, 333 Gymnocladus assamicus, 184 Gynocardia odorata, 130, 171, 334, 362 H Hajong community, 103 384 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Haldi, 294 Halitosis, 354, 356 Hangla, 80 Alocasia sp., 80, 111, 322 Hanmoi, 64, 68 Hanserong anempo, 64, 68 Hanthor (ethnic food), 64, 68 Haridra, 294, 296 Harpoon lines, 171, 211 Ha-un (Andaman pig), 186 Hawaizaar (ethnic food), 64, 72 Health care needs, 258 system, 96, 256 practice, 178 practitioners, 106, 254 Heart burn, 304 Heartwood, 340 Hedeoma multiflora, 283 Hedgerow cropping, 47 Hedychium coronarium Koenig, 4, 130 Helicteres isora, 334 Hemorrhages, 98 Hemostatic, 122, 123, 135, 141, 305 Hepatic cells, 335 Hepatoprotective, 99, 106, 280, 305 Herbal formulations, 345 medicinal remedies, 252 medicine, 43, 101, 184, 261, 262, 270 mixtures, 306 plants, 12, 255, 318, 319 practices, 186 remedies, 256, 345 Herbalists, 320 Herbarium curator, 283 Herbomineral formulation, 308 Heterogeneity, 19, 67 Hexokinase, 343 Hibiscus, 64, 65, 68, 70, 130, 171, 194, 225, 241, 244, 245, 334, 356 sabdariffa, 64, 65, 68, 70, 130, 194, 244 High blood pressure control, 257 demographic growth, 38 intensity sweetener, 281 yield crops, 8 Hilly tracts, 7, 26, 186 Him duk/Sang aduk, 68 Himadri, 2, 3 Himalayan bear, 172 Himalayas flowers, 326 Him-et, 64, 69 Hmar tribal, 6, 18, 19, 21, 27, 28, 64, 73, 107 Holud/haldi, 294 Homalanthus nutans, 280 Homemade jaggery, 69 Homeostasis, 319 Homogeneity, 276 Hor, 81 Horis, 215 Human civilization, 95 immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 280, 305, 306 Humankind, 293 Hunter-gatherer, 7, 214 Hypoglycemic effect, 321, 322, 325, 329, 334, 338, 342 Hypolipidemic, 305, 323, 329, 340 Hyponidd, 308 Hypotensive drug, 309 Hypothetical growth model, 41 I Ibuprofen, 309 Ichnocarpus frutescens, 108, 225 Immature fruits, 244 Impatiens, 4, 108 balsamina, 108 Imperata cylindrica, 40, 131, 335 Importance value index, 275, 277 Incantations, 75 Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 48 Indian government, 251 linguistic groups, 17 Index 385 Pharmacopoeia, 185 population, 18 scenario, 286 Indices (quantitative/statistical), 270, 272, 275, 277, 284, 286 Indigenous beverages, 75 community, 258 dugouts, 215 knowledge, 57, 63, 88, 95, 105, 107, 108, 172, 179, 181, 256, 258, 260 people, 57–61, 66, 95, 238, 255, 279, 282 protocols, 76 tribal, 6, 210 Indigestion, 107, 109–112, 117, 120, 127, 131, 137, 138, 141, 146, 149, 187, 191, 197, 198, 257 Indigo, 169, 307 Indigofera tinctoria, 169, 367 Indo-Burma, 61, 102, 164, 166, 172, 252, 257, 259 Indo-European, 11, 17, 18 language speakers, 17 Indogangetic plains, 2 Indo-Myanmarese Range, 3 Induced diabetic rats, 321, 324, 326, 327, 332, 334, 337, 340–342 Industrialization, 96 Inflamed joints, 305 Influenza, 124, 135, 150, 233, 257 Informants, 257, 270, 274, 276 Inhabitants, 19, 25, 26, 29, 81, 97, 213, 215, 234, 244, 343 Inhospitable terrians, 256 Insulin deficiency, 319 gene, 11 secretion, 11, 319 Insulin-sensitizing activity, 334 Intellectual property, 88 Interviews, 254, 274 Intoxicants, 185 Investigators, 97 Ipomoea batatas, 131, 172, 194, 335 Irregular menstruation, 135, 140, 254, 257 J Jadoh, 64, 69, 70, 85 Jaintia Hills, 28, 62, 98 tribes, 258 Jantias, 29 Jarawas, 6, 208, 210, 213, 214, 238 Jaundice, 98, 104, 107, 111, 113–115, 117–121, 127, 133, 137, 139, 140, 148, 218, 219, 229, 233, 255, 257, 259–261, 304, 305 Jeopardizing, 59 Jhoom cycles, 39, 41 system, 44, 45 Jhooming, 36, 38–40, 45 Jhum cultivation, 7, 27 ecosystems, 8 system, 41 Jonai sub-division, 182 Jonga, 81 Jou, 81 Judima, 77, 82 Julocroton argenteus, 283 Jungle-clad ridges, 29 Justicia comata, 169 K Kabui, 19, 21, 27, 253 Kacha Naga, 27 Kalanchoe pinnata, 336 Kameng district, 25 Kamrup district, 254 Kangchendzonga, 30 Karbi ethnic group, 63, 76 tribe, 19, 68, 70, 71, 73 Karbi-Anglong district, 19, 29 Karbis, 19, 68–71, 81, 85, 252 Karnataka, 207, 294, 295, 297, 298, 353 Kerala, 294, 295, 297, 298 386 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Khaimungan, 25 Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, 100, 182 Khariff season, 210 Khasis, 17, 19, 28–30, 76, 99, 186 Kiad, 82 khawiang, 82 Kidney stone, 102, 259 Kinema, 64, 72, 73 Kitchen garden plants, 62 Kokrajhar districts, 29 Kolakhar, 64, 69, 85 Kolaviron, 281 Kom tribe, 182 Komba, 244 Ksharasoothra, 304 Kuki-Chin-Mizo, 26 Kum dye, 170 Kurkum, 294 L Lactuca gracilis, 103 Lagenaria leucantha, 186, 194 Lake Texcoco, 41 Lalramnghinglova, 62, 102, 125, 164, 182, 187– 200, 259 Lamiaceae, 255, 338, 341, 362, 367 Land management units, 44, 45 Land use systems, 36, 44, 45, 48 Langpong, 73 Leaf trace bundles, 299 Leech therapy, 304 Legitimacy, 59 Lekok, 186 Lepcha dances, 30 Lepchas, 30, 100, 105, 170 Lepidocaryoideae, 168 Leprosy, 98, 113, 119, 138, 220, 304, 305, 344 Leucorrhea, 254 Life-saving drugs, 273 Limboo, 22, 105 Lipid reduction, 306 Lippia turbinata, 283 Litchumsu, 84 Literacy rate, 28 Litter fall, 40, 48 Livestock health management, 203 owners, 179 Local conservation priority index (LCPI), 270, 277, 278, 282, 285, 286 Local development, 88 economy, 46 inhabitants, 282 Level Conservation of Phytoresources Employing, 282 liquor, 82 name, 99, 261 Locality, 87, 276, 277, 282, 283 Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, 25, 103 Lungseiji, 64, 69 Lushai Hills, 97, 252 M Machilus gamblei, 169 Macrophages, 181 Magnolia, 5, 241 Maiba/Maibi, 107, 256 Maibra joubishi, 82 Makar Sankranti, 31 Malaxis acuminata, 5 Malevolent spirits, 212 Malnutrition, 8 Mangifera andamanica, 214, 241 comptospermum, 211, 241 indica, 62, 134, 195, 211, 242, 336, 356, 357, 362 Mannihot esculenta, 172 Manthu, 68 Marine products, 244 Marsdenia tinctoria, 169 Masala mixtures, 307 Materialistic life, 87 Matha joubishi, 82 Maththi, 244 Matriarchal law of inheritance, 29 Index 387 Maturant, 305 Mautam, 62 Mechanical soil, 45 Medicinal folklore, 280 parts, 261 plants, 7, 8, 10, 12, 43, 47, 63, 97–108, 182–186, 250, 254–262, 318–320 cultivation, 47 preparations, 102, 185, 308 purposes, 93–95, 101, 294, 318, 323 uses, 98, 107, 234, 257, 259, 294, 305, 310 values, 87, 185, 186 Medicine, 10, 57, 63, 94–96, 98, 100, 103, 104, 107, 178–185, 208, 215, 234, 250, 251, 255–257, 259, 261, 275, 294, 298, 303–305, 318, 369 naturopathy, 104, 259 Meghalaya, 3, 4, 6, 15, 17, 19, 24, 28, 30, 32, 38, 40, 48, 61–63, 69, 73, 74, 82, 84–86, 98–100, 107, 165, 166, 168, 171, 186, 249, 252, 253, 258, 259 Meitei community, 72–74, 107, 257, 320, 321, 327, 329, 343 tribe, 80, 325, 339 Meliosma simplifolia, 254 Melocana bambosoides, 62 Melocanna baccifera, 62 Melting pot, 18, 86 Menstruation problems, 104, 255 Mental yoga, 180 Metabolic diseases, 11 Methai community, 26 Methanol extract, 327, 333 Methodological tools, 284 Methods of preparation, 7, 56, 104, 259 Michelia oblonga, 48 Microbial growth, 86 strains, 355 Microscopical characters, 294 Mikir hills, 3, 4, 26, 253 Millingtonia hortensis, 103, 227 Minthostachys mollis, 283 Mishing people, 80 tribe, 104, 255 Mizo Tribe, 28 Mizoram, 4, 15, 17, 19, 24, 32, 35, 37, 38, 45, 47, 49, 62, 72, 99–101, 163, 165, 173, 182, 250, 252, 253, 259 Mod pitha, 76, 83 Modern medications, 256 Molar basis, 281 Molded mass, 76 Molecular interactions, 345 Molecules of medicinal importance, 8 Mollusk, 213 Momordica charantia, 136, 196, 227, 308, 337, 367 Mompa tribe, 25 Mongoloid, 17, 18, 31, 211, 215, 234 Mongoloid aborigines, 215 racial stock, 18 Monitor lizard, 213, 214 Mon-Khmer family, 29 Monoculture, 8, 44, 45 Monoterpenes, 299 Morinda angustifolia, 169 Moringa oleifera, 136, 196, 244, 337, 363 Mouth ulcers, 114, 147, 366–369 Mucus production, 41 Multipronged stick, 170 Muruku, 244 Musa, 62–64, 69, 72, 76, 85, 137, 184, 196, 211, 242, 244, 338 balbisiana, 64 paradiasica, 62 Mustard, 67, 68, 86 N Naga Hills, 25, 252, 253 Nagaland, 4, 6, 15, 17, 19, 24–26, 32, 38, 46, 82, 84, 85, 98, 101, 102, 105–108, 164, 168, 186, 250, 252, 253, 259, 260 388 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Nagbeli, 325 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), 4 Natural communities, 39 compounds, 94 ecosystems, 47 habitats, 56, 87 products, 94, 172, 270, 280, 281, 286, 318 Natural resource management., 44, 57 Naturalness rank, 277 Negrito, 17, 210, 211, 213, 214, 234 Negrito stock, 210 Nematicidal activities, 106 Nempo, 69 Nepalese, 30 Nephropathy, 11, 319 Neuropathy, 11, 319 Nicobarese, 6, 17, 183, 208, 215, 234 Nicotiana tabacum, 137, 186, 196 Nidzurku Hills, 26 Nitrogen cycle, 41 N-mineralization, 40 Nogin Apong, 80 e’pob, 78, 80 Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), 319, 344 Non-alcoholic foods, 71 Non-codified, 355, 359 Non-fermented ethnic foods, 67 Non-timber forest produce (NTFP), 164 Non-tuberous species, 295 North East India, 1, 3, 4–6, 8–10, 17–19, 25, 31, 33, 35, 36, 48, 49, 55, 94, 97–99, 101–106, 108, 109, 151, 163, 164, 167, 169, 182, 249, 251, 262, 327, 328, 341 Northeast region, 252 Nutraceuticals, 8, 58, 255, 270, 286 Nutrient cycling, 48, 164, 167 Nutritional contents, 58, 63 importance, 281 profiles, 87 Nypa fruticans, 211, 228, 237, 242 O Ocimum gratissimum, 71, 108, 138, 196 Ointment, 305, 308 Onge shelters, 212 Onges, 6, 208, 210, 212, 239–243, 245 Onlawangkhrai, 85 Opo, 82 Opoh, 80 Opop, 83 Oral administration, 326, 329, 330, 332, 342 compositions, 308 dental hygiene, 12 hygiene, 354, 355, 369 Orchidaceae, 39 Oroxylum indicum, 102, 139, 196, 228, 242, 338 Osomar nempo chori, 69 Oxalis griffithii, 103 Oxygenating agents, 355 P Psidium odaratissimus, 244 tectorius, 244 Paddy cultivation, 43 Paite, 6, 23, 27 Pakora, 244 Palatability, 67 Panax pseudoginseng, 99, 139, 339 Pancreatic beta cells, 321, 322 Pandanus, 5, 66, 211, 212, 215, 228, 237, 242, 305 leram, 244 andamanensium, 211, 242 Papaver somniferum, 95, 139 Paralysis, 98, 111, 127, 144, 220 Paravachasca valley, 283 Parenchyma, 274, 298, 301 Parkia roxburghii, 48, 140, 339 Participatory rural appraisal (PRA), 183, 274 Pasania pachyphylla, 169, 170 Passiflora caerulea, 283 Index 389 Pastoralists, 9 yak pastoralists, 170 Peppercorn hairs, 210 Peppery taste, 306 Pericarp, 335 Perpur, 83 Petioles, 230, 238 Phagocytosis, 181 Phanek, 169 Phap, 81 Pharmaceutical products, 8, 94, 185, 270, 277–279, 286, 307 Pharmacokinetic properties, 319 Pharmacological evidence, 333 Pharmacologists, 270, 279 Pharmacopoeias, 355 Phenylpropene derivatives, 299 Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, 108, 257 Pholo, 68, 85 Pholobisir, 68, 85 Phosphoglucoisomerase, 343 Phytochemical screening, 186 Phytochemistry, 12, 278, 294, 295, 310 Phytochemists, 11, 270, 279 Phytomedicines, 279 Phytoresources, 270, 273, 275, 278, 281, 285 quantitative ethnobotany, 278 quantitative ethnobotany, bioprospecting, 278 conservation, 281 Piazu, 84 Pickles, 164, 165, 244, 298, 306 Pilchards, 212 Pinanga manii, 99, 214, 242, 244 Pinus kesiya, 48 Piperr longum, 108 Pisciculture, 43 Pith, 211, 242, 298, 331 Plant and bird communities recovery, 39 Plant bark decoction, 323 knowledge, 272 populations, 258 specimens, 271 uptake, 40 Plantago major, 141, 184, 197, 363 Plastic mesh, 84 Plectocomia bractealis, 168 Pochury tribe, 25, 26 Polyalthia jenkinsii, 212, 237 Polygonum, 68, 142, 171, 172, 197 hydropiper L., 142, 171, 172 Polyherbal drug, 321, 322, 327 Pometia pinnata, 213, 214, 243 Pongamia pinnata, 142, 230, 243, 339, 356, 363 Powders, 354, 358 Prawn aquaculture, 46 Preparation methods, 56, 61, 208, 238 Primitive angiosperms, 5 Principles of patrilineal descent, 26 Prostratin, 280 Protein, 11, 214, 299, 319 Protium serratum, 62 Prunus persica, 102, 142, 197 Psidium guajava L, 78, 142, 197, 243, 340 Pteridophyte, 106, 261, 283 Pteridophytic flora, 101 Pterocarpus marsupium, 308, 331, 340, 363 Pushpangadan model, 280 Pyrnium pubinerve, 72 Q Quality use value (QUV), 285 Quantitative approaches, 10, 272 ethnobotany, 12, 278, 281, 286 indices, 270, 272, 275, 282, 284–286 technique, 270, 273, 275 Quenching, 238 Quercus spp, 170 dealbata, 170 wallichiana, 170 Quinine, 279 R Radical, 87 Raja mircha, 85 390 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Raphidophora sp, 68 Rapid rural appraisal(RRA), 274 Rasasastra, 304 Rawolfia serpentina, 95 Reang communities, 106, 261 tribe, 105 Reangs, 86, 98, 106 Reciprocity, 57 Relative cultural importance, 275 Relative density (RD), 277, 278 Relative frequency of citation (RFC), 277, 284 Rengma tribe, 26 Researchers, 282, 285 Reserpine, 280, 309 Respiratory disorders, 106 Retinopathy, 11, 319 Retrieval databases, 10 Rheumatoid arthritis, 306 Rhizome, 109–113, 122, 123, 126, 130– 132, 135–137, 140, 143, 148, 150, 183, 187, 189–192, 195, 198, 200, 216, 221, 222, 226, 233, 293, 294, 298–300, 305–307, 322, 330–332, 335, 336, 339, 344, 361, 365 Rhododendron, 4, 105, 143, 170, 171, 197 Rhus javanica, 62, 197 Rhynchotecum ellipticum, 68 Rice, 64, 67, 70, 76, 85 Rice beer preparation, 81, 254 Ritual ceremonies, 294 occasions, 68 Roasted, 62, 66, 239, 240, 326 Root decomposition, 40 powder, 298, 322 Root canal treatment, 354 Rubia cordifolia, 144, 198, 256, 364 sikkimensis, 256 Rubus rugossus, 108 Rural development, 58 populations, 104, 255, 345 S Sabroom, 106, 261 Saccharifying agent, 79 Saccharum spontaneum, 103 Safflower, 307 Sakthi worship, 296 Salem turmeric, 295 Sangtam, 23, 25, 108, 253, 260 Sanjivani, 181 Santirbazar subdivision, 261 Sapientum var. simiarum, 211 Sarchoclamys pulcherrima, 254 Saya a-an, 70, 71, 85 Schinopsis brasiliensis, 282, 283 Scientific discipline, 271 education, 59 evaluation, 181 publications, 180 Scorpion sting, 117, 129, 182, 191, 219 Seafoods, 244 Sema, 6, 19, 23, 25, 26, 105, 253, 260 Semangs, 210 Sensitivity rank, 277 Sentinelese, 208, 210, 214, 215, 238–243 Sesame, 66–71 Sesamum orientale, 68, 69, 145 Sesbania sesban L, 341 Sesquiterpenes, 299 Shephoumaramth Nagas, 99 Shifting agricultural cycle, 46 Shifting agriculture, 36 Shifting cultivation, 36–39, 41, 43–45, 49, 50, 57, 61, 178 Shompen, 208, 215 Shorea robusta, 170, 357, 364 Short fallow rotation, 40 Shrubs, 44, 45, 47, 283 Siiyeh, 79, 83 Sikkim, 4, 15, 17, 24, 29–32, 47, 62, 64, 72, 84, 86, 98, 100, 103, 165, 168, 171, 182, 186, 250, 252, 253, 260, 320, 322, 324–330, 333–344 Myel Lyang, 29 Sikkimese society, 30 Sing river, 63 Sino-Tibetan language family, 6, 25 Skeleto-muscular disorders, 182 Skin diseases, 104, 107, 257, 260 Slash and burn agriculture, 36, 39, 56 agroecosystem, 46 system, 38 Small pox, 116, 221, 230, 233, 257, 304 Smoke shield, 308 Smoked, 66 Snuhi, 304 Socio cultural Soibum, 64, 73, 74 Soil erosion, 38, 44, 45 fertility, 40, 43, 45, 46, 167 depletion, 40 hydro-physical behavior, 48 organic carbon (SOC), 47, 48 perception, 48, 167 Soil quality index (SQI), 48, 167 Solanaceae, 255, 341, 344, 361, 362, 368 Solanum myriacanthum, 108 Solanum viarum, 78, 103, 364 Soluble turmeric, 307 Sovereign rights, 280 Spatial arrangement, 44, 45 Spilanthes acmella, 108, 146, 172, 364 Spinacia oleracea L, 341 Spiranthes oleracea, 171 Spiritual life, 87, 258 Sprains, 144, 217, 257, 304 Starch grains, 298, 299 Starter cakes, 76, 79–81, 86 Statistical analysis, 270, 272 indices, 272, 286 measurements, 283 Stellaria reticulata, 5 Stemona tuberosa, 108 Steroids, 94, 322 Stimulant, 120, 218, 220, 225, 230, 303, 305 Stir fried, 67 Stomach problems, 114, 140, 304 Stomachic, 219, 228, 305 Streptozotocin, 324, 327, 337, 342 Strobilanthes cusia, 170 flaccidifolia, 170 Stupefying, 171 Subabul, 47 Sub-Himalayan Terai, 63 Submerged alcoholic fermentation, 76 Succession, 39, 40 Sujen, 83, 254 Sulphonylureas, 319 Suppresses thrombosis, 306 Surachi, 81 Sustainable development, 164 food-production systems, 36 utilization, 273, 282 Swertia chirata, 108, 147, 198, 199 Symbiotic relationship, 37 Synergistic effect, 94, 97 Systemic interactions, 42 Syzygium cumini, 106, 147, 199, 320, 321, 324, 336, 337, 342, 365, 368 T Taboos, 211, 234, 257 Tai-Kadai languages, 6 Tai-Khamyangs, 102, 252 Tamang, 23, 80, 105 Taxa, 5, 9, 62, 98, 107, 168, 276, 282, 283 Taxonomist, 283 Taxus baccata, 99, 148 Techniques, 8, 272, 274, 275, 283, 284 Technological development, 59 Tectona grandis, 170, 365 Telangana, 207, 293–295, 317, 353 Teohar, 31 Teotihuacan era, 42 Index 391 392 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3 Tephrosia candida, 171 Terminali bellirica, 170 Terminali catappa, 211, 214, 243 chebula, 148, 199, 324, 368 Terpenoids, 94, 299, 322, 358 Tethyys Himalaya, 3 Tetracentron, 5 Thalictrum foliolosum, 148, 183, 199 Thanka painting, 30 Thap aphi, 81 Thatch grasslands, 38 Thaumatin, 281 Thaumatococcus danielli, 281 The Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), 280 Therapeutic drugs, 318 efficiency, 354 potentiality, 331 potentials, 75 skills, 180 value, 8 weight loss, 306 Therapeutics aids, 179 Thingtam/Mautam, 62 Thirumoorthy hills, 322, 328 Thukpa, 86 Tibet, 3, 5, 19, 24, 30 Tibeto-Burman, 17, 29 Tonic, 112, 115, 123, 127, 146, 188, 190, 195, 216, 219–222, 228, 280, 305 Tooth paste/powders, 369 Toothache, 107, 109, 114, 123, 128–132, 136, 138, 145, 149, 228, 230, 257 Tooth brushes, 356 pastes, 358 Total state population, 24 tribal population, 26–29 use value, 275 Totemism, 6 Traditional cattle, 178 communities, 7, 9, 105 customs, 254 drugs, 318 eco-technologies, 46 foods, 8, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 87 healers, 101, 102, 104, 178, 183, 256, 258, 260, 262, 279, 345 herbal drugs, 177 knowledge, 6–11, 20, 31, 36, 56–61, 75, 86, 88, 95–104, 107, 172, 182, 186, 245, 250, 251, 258, 259, 261, 271, 274, 280, 282, 284, 285 Digital Library (TKDL), 251 languages, 250 medicinal practices, 61, 186 safety, 250 medicine, 108, 178, 184, 250, 258, 260, 279, 304, 318, 345 practices, 19, 41, 60, 95, 100, 105, 178, 253, 260, 271 shamans, 71 uses, 104, 254, 303 vegetables, 244 Trial and error method, 97, 271 Tribal communities, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 25, 27–29, 31, 63, 75, 87, 97, 208, 252, 255, 285 diversity, 60, 211 medicine, 100, 151, 260 nutrition, 61 segment, 18 societies, 42, 46, 256 Tribals, 5, 6, 61, 62, 75, 85, 178, 211–213, 234, 253, 320, 337, 354 Tripura, 4, 15, 17, 18, 24, 27, 32, 39, 86, 100, 101, 105, 106, 168, 250, 252, 253, 260, 261 Trixis divaricata, 283 Trochus, 213 Tropical forests, 101 Tuaithur, 64, 73 Tubers, 62, 66, 211, 213, 214 Tubocurarine, 279, 280 Tungrymbai, 64, 73, 74 Turbo, giant clams, 213 Turmeric, 2, 11, 12, 69, 70, 71, 73, 190, 210, 293–296, 298, 299, 301–310, 330, 331 leaves, 307 paste, 307 uses, 294, 295, 301, 304 Turtles eggs, 213 Typhoid, 98, 120, 138, 145 U Up-thor, 73 Up-vai, 71 Urbanization, 31 Urea, 336 Use value (UV), 270, 275, 276, 284 Utilitarian ethnobotany, 11 V Vaiphui, 27 Valuable heritage, 252 Vanaspati, 306 Vascular bundles, 298–301 Vegetable dyes, 20 Vegetation, 2–5, 39–41, 44, 45, 272, 273, 282, 283 Vekur pitha, 83 Veterinary fees, 179 plants, 12 science, 180, 181 Vinblastine, 280 Vitamins, 94, 122, 214, 299 Vitex negudo, 108 W Warfarin, 309 Watershed programs, 45 Watery-milky juice, 245 Wedding rituals, 305 Weed biomass, 38, 46 infestation, 40 West Khasi hills, 100 Wild boars, 213, 244 food plants, 61 fruits, 238 Wildlife Institute of India (WII), 39 Wokha Hills, 26 Wooden mortar, 68, 69, 73, 84 skewer, 66 Woodfordia fruticosa, 256 World Health Organization (WHO), 11, 95, 178, 184, 318–320 X Xaj Pani, 83 Xochimilco-Chalco area, 42 Y Yellow cakes, 307 dye, 169, 303, 307 Yogurts, 307 Z Zanthoxylum nitidum, 171 Zea mays, 149, 172, 200 Zingeberous plant, 83 oko, 83 Zingiber cassumunar, 102, 150 officinale, 78, 102, 150, 200, 233, 308, 344, 365 squarossum, 238 zerumbet, 102, 233 Zingiberaceae, 4, 11, 100, 101, 255, 294, 295, 330, 336, 365 Zingiberaceous plants, 98, 101 Ziro valley, 42, 43, 255 Ziziphus joazeiro, 282, 283 Zutho, 77, 84 Index 393...
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...The tribes that belong to the Mongoloid racial stock usually belong to the Tibeto-Chinese or Tibeto-Burmese linguistic family, while the Caucasoid are related to Indo-European linguistic stock (Kumar et al., 2004)....
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...The ethnic racial groups of India include the Caucasoid, Negrito (or Negroid), Australoid and Mongoloid who differ from one another in certain morphological features, but one should remember that there are no strict lines of demarcation between these four racial groups....
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