Genome, Transcriptome, and Functional Analyses of Penicillium expansum Provide New Insights Into Secondary Metabolism and Pathogenicity
Ana-Rosa Ballester,Marina Marcet-Houben,Elena Levin,Noa Sela,Cristina Selma-Lázaro,Lourdes Carmona,Michael Wisniewski,Samir Droby,Luis González-Candelas,Toni Gabaldón +9 more
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TLDR
Putative virulence factors in P. expansum were identified by means of a transcriptomic analysis of apple fruits during the course of infection and it was demonstrated that neither patulin nor citrinin are required by P. expandum to successfully infect apples.Abstract:
The relationship between secondary metabolism and infection in pathogenic fungi has remained largely elusive. The genus Penicillium comprises a group of plant pathogens with varying host specificities and with the ability to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites. The genomes of three Penicillium expansum strains, the main postharvest pathogen of pome fruit, and one Pencillium italicum strain, a postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, were sequenced and compared with 24 other fungal species. A genomic analysis of gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites was performed. Putative virulence factors in P. expansum were identified by means of a transcriptomic analysis of apple fruits during the course of infection. Despite a major genome contraction, P. expansum is the Penicillium species with the largest potential for the production of secondary metabolites. Results using knockout mutants clearly demonstrated that neither patulin nor citrinin are required by P. expansum to successfully infect apples. Li et al. ( MPMI-12-14-0398-FI ) reported similar results and conclusions in their recently accepted paper.read more
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Global analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters reveals vast potential of secondary metabolite production in Penicillium species.
Jens Nielsen,Sietske Grijseels,Sylvain Prigent,Boyang Ji,Jacques Dainat,Kristian Fog Nielsen,Jens Christian Frisvad,Mhairi Workman,Jens B. Nielsen +8 more
TL;DR: This study sequenced the genomes of 9 Penicillium species and identified an immense, unexploited potential for producing secondary metabolites by this genus, which highlights the potential of these species as a source of new antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals.
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests.
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Co-occurrence of patulin and citrinin in Portuguese apples with rotten spots Part A Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid multidetection thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was used to detect simultaneous occurrence of patulin and citrinin in 351 samples of seven different varieties of apples with small rotten areas (Casanova, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Reineta, Richared, Rome Beauty, Starking).
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The molecular steps of citrinin biosynthesis in fungi
TL;DR: Heterologous expression of the citrinin polyketide synthase, CitS, plus the tailoring enzymes CitA–CitE from Monascus ruber has fully elucidated the biosynthetic pathway tocitrinin for the first time, showing relationships to tropolone, azaphilone and sorbicillinoid biosynthesis pathways in fungi.
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Mycotoxins in harvested fruits and vegetables: Insights in producing fungi, biological role, conducive conditions, and tools to manage postharvest contamination
TL;DR: In this review, a synopsis of the main postharvest mycotoxigenic genera is given with particular reference to their control, and recent studies support their involvement in disease onset/development.
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