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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing

TL;DR: A geographical adaptive fidelity algorithm that reduces energy consumption in ad hoc wireless networks by identifying nodes that are equivalent from a routing perspective and then turning off unnecessary nodes, keeping a constant level of routing fidelity.
Abstract: We introduce a geographical adaptive fidelity (GAF) algorithm that reduces energy consumption in ad hoc wireless networks GAF conserves energy by identifying nodes that are equivalent from a routing perspective and then turning off unnecessary nodes, keeping a constant level of routing fidelity GAF moderates this policy using application- and system-level information; nodes that source or sink data remain on and intermediate nodes monitor and balance energy use GAF is independent of the underlying ad hoc routing protocol; we simulate GAF over unmodified AODV and DSR Analysis and simulation studies of GAF show that it can consume 40% to 60% less energy than an unmodified ad hoc routing protocol Moreover, simulations of GAP suggest that network lifetime increases proportionally to node density; in one example, a four-fold increase in node density leads to network lifetime increase for 3 to 6 times (depending on the mobility pattern) More generally, GAF is an example of adaptive fidelity, a technique proposed for extending the lifetime of self-configuring systems by exploiting redundancy to conserve energy while maintaining application fidelity

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Title
Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80c967sz
Authors
Xu, Ya
Heidemann, John
Estrin, D
Publication Date
2001-05-05
Peer reviewed
eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library
University of California

Geography-informed Energy Conservation
for Ad Hoc Routing
Ya Xu
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
yaxu@isi.edu
John Heidemann
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
johnh@isi.edu
Deborah Estrin
Comp. Sci. Dept., University of
California, Los Angeles
3713 Boelter Hall
Los Angeles, CA 90095
estrin@cs.ucla.edu
ABSTRACT
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1. INTRODUCTION
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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.

17,936 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proved that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks.
Abstract: Topology control in a sensor network balances load on sensor nodes and increases network scalability and lifetime. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach. We propose a novel distributed clustering approach for long-lived ad hoc sensor networks. Our proposed approach does not make any assumptions about the presence of infrastructure or about node capabilities, other than the availability of multiple power levels in sensor nodes. We present a protocol, HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), that periodically selects cluster heads according to a hybrid of the node residual energy and a secondary parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors or node degree. HEED terminates in O(1) iterations, incurs low message overhead, and achieves fairly uniform cluster head distribution across the network. We prove that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation.

4,889 citations


Cites background or methods from "Geography-informed energy conservat..."

  • ...In this section, we compare HEED to the GC protocol in terms of: 1. number of iterations required for the clustering process, 2. ratio of the number of clusters to the number of nodes in the network, 3. ratio of clusters with more than one node to the number of clusters, 4. standard deviation of…...

    [...]

  • ...Index Terms—Sensor networks, clustering, network lifetime, energy efficiency, fault tolerance....

    [...]

  • ...We first describe the network model and then give our objectives....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs is presented and the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm are studied.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.

4,701 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
28 Sep 2002
TL;DR: An in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks to real-world habitat monitoring and an instance of the architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior is presented.
Abstract: We provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements are developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the design of the sensor network, and the capabilities for remote data access and management. A system architecture is proposed to address these requirements for habitat monitoring in general, and an instance of the architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior is presented. The currently deployed network consists of 32 nodes on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. The application-driven design exercise serves to identify important areas of further work in data sampling, communications, network retasking, and health monitoring.

4,623 citations


Cites methods from "Geography-informed energy conservat..."

  • ...Instead, we propose augment­ing scheduled multihop routing or low power MAC protocols with GAF and/or SPAN to provide additional power sav­ings....

    [...]

  • ...GAF and SPAN are independent of communication frequency, whereas our application requires increased power savings that may be achieved by adjusting the communica­tion frequency....

    [...]

  • ...GAF and SPAN don t ac­count for infrequent sampling but rather continuous network connectivity and operation....

    [...]

  • ...Methods like GAF [15] and SPAN [5] have been used to extend the longevity of the network by selecting representa­tives to participate in the network; thereby these algorithms reduce the average per node power consumption....

    [...]

  • ...Methods like GAF [15] and SPAN [5] have been used to extend the longevity of the network by selecting representatives to participate in the network; thereby these algorithms reduce the average per node power consumption....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2005
TL;DR: The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based; each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category.
Abstract: Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

3,573 citations


Cites background or methods from "Geography-informed energy conservat..."

  • ...Protocols, wh categorized as da overhead of form such as attributedependent on the future research di On the other h sensed data to th less energy-const behalf of the no protocols is how communication m and cluster-head data aggregation a Routing protoco SPIN Directed Diffusio Rumor Routing Shah et al. GBR CADR COUGAR ACQUIRE Fe et al. LEACH TEEN&APTEEN PEGASIS Younis et al. Subramanian et a MECN&SMECN GAF GEAR Chang et al. Kalpakis et al. Akkaya et al. SAR SPEED Table 1: Classification of routing protocols in sensor networks ich name the data and query the nodes based on some attributes of the data are ta-centric....

    [...]

  • ...There are three states defined in GAF....

    [...]

  • ...GAF conserves energy by turning off unnecessary nodes in the network without affecting the level of routing fidelity....

    [...]

  • ...GAF is implemented both for non-mobility (GAF-basic) and mobility (GAF-mobility adaptation) of nodes....

    [...]

  • ...GAF: Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) [38] is an energy-aware location-based routing algorithm designed primarily for mobile ad hoc networks, but may be applicable to sensor networks as well....

    [...]

References
More filters
Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations


"Geography-informed energy conservat..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...[26] T. S. Rappaport....

    [...]

  • ...(These models are described in detail in wireless textbooks such as Rappaport [26].)...

    [...]

  • ...(These models are described in detail in wireless textbooks such as Rappaport [26]....

    [...]

Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Mar 2000
TL;DR: RADAR is presented, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings that combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications.
Abstract: The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local-area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-aware systems and services. In this paper we present RADAR, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations positioned to provide overlapping coverage in the area of interest. It combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications. We present experimental results that demonstrate the ability of RADAR to estimate user location with a high degree of accuracy.

8,667 citations


"Geography-informed energy conservat..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Location information used in GAF may be provided by GPS or other location systems under development (for example [1, 6, 11])....

    [...]

01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data over multicast or unicast network services and is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks.
Abstract: This memorandum describes RTP, the real-time transport protocol. RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. RTP does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee quality-of-service for real-time services. The data transport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks, and to provide minimal control and identification functionality. RTP and RTCP are designed to be independent of the underlying transport and network layers. The protocol supports the use of RTP-level translators and mixers.

7,183 citations


"Geography-informed energy conservat..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The GAF approach is one example of adaptive delity [12] and RTCP [27] adaptive frequency techniques....

    [...]

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1994
TL;DR: The modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile hosts.
Abstract: An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. In this paper we present an innovative design for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. The basic idea of the design is to operate each Mobile Host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts within the network. This amounts to a new sort of routing protocol. We have investigated modifications to the basic Bellman-Ford routing mechanisms, as specified by RIP [5], to make it suitable for a dynamic and self-starting network mechanism as is required by users wishing to utilize ad hoc networks. Our modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile Hosts. Finally, we describe the ways in which the basic network-layer routing can be modified to provide MAC-layer support for ad-hoc networks.

6,877 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Oct 1998
TL;DR: The results of a derailed packet-levelsimulationcomparing fourmulti-hopwirelessad hoc networkroutingprotocols, which cover a range of designchoices: DSDV,TORA, DSR and AODV are presented.
Abstract: An ad hoc networkis a collwtion of wirelessmobilenodes dynamically forminga temporarynetworkwithouttheuseof anyexistingnetworkirrfrastructureor centralizedadministration.Dueto the limitedtransmissionrange of ~vlrelessnenvorkinterfaces,multiplenetwork“hops”maybe neededfor onenodeto exchangedata ivithanotheracrox thenetwork.Inrecentyears, a ttiery of nelvroutingprotocols~geted specificallyat this environment havebeen developed.but little pcrfomrartwinformationon mch protocol and no ralistic performancecomparisonbehvwrrthem ISavailable. ~Is paper presentsthe results of a derailedpacket-levelsimulationcomparing fourmulti-hopwirelessad hoc networkroutingprotocolsthatcovera range of designchoices: DSDV,TORA, DSR and AODV. \Vehave extended the /~r-2networksimulatorto accuratelymodelthe MACandphysical-layer behaviorof the IEEE 802.1I wirelessLANstandard,includinga realistic wtrelesstransmissionchannelmodel, and present the resultsof simulations of net(vorksof 50 mobilenodes.

5,147 citations


"Geography-informed energy conservat..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...The authors would like to thank the CMU Monarch research group which provides the ad hoc network extension for ns2 and aiding integration....

    [...]

  • ...We attached GAF to AODV to get GAF/AODV, and GAF to DSR to get GAF/DSR....

    [...]

  • ...The CMU monarch projects wireless and mobility extension to ns. http://www.monarch.cs.edu....

    [...]

  • ...In later sections we evaluate GAF combined with AODV [22] and DSR [5] against unaugmented AODV and DSR....

    [...]

  • ...11-1997 protocol with representative models of energy consumption [30] and radio propagation [5]....

    [...]

Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What are the contributions in "Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing" ?

In this paper, the authors proposed a method to find the optimal set of features for each of the three types of features.