Geomorphology of the Rotolon landslide (Veneto Region, Italy)
TL;DR: In this paper, a geomorphological map of the Rotolon landslide is presented using a combination of accurate field surveys together with airborne Lidar analysis, aerial photo interpretation and thermographic field surveys within a GIS.
Abstract: In this paper a geomorphological map of the Rotolon landslide is presented. This cartographic product was obtained using a combination of accurate field surveys together with airborne Lidar analysis, aerial photo interpretation and thermographic field surveys within a GIS. The map was prepared in order to analyze the morphological features of the landslide and therefore improve interpretation of the GB-InSAR data. This monitoring device was installed on the site after the detachment of a debris mass of 225,000 m3 on 4 November 2010. The main purpose of the post-event activities, including the geomorphological characterization, was to detect the processes acting on the landslide, evaluate the hazard related to each phenomenon, understand the landslide kinematics and define the residual risk for the area.The geomorphological map suggests that debris production and detachment are hazardous phenomena that involve the surficial detrital cover of a bigger and more complex landslide. The latter has the typical c...
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TL;DR: Spaceborne optical Very High Resolution and SAR data were applied at a basin scale for analysing shallow rapid-moving and slow-moving landslides in the emergency management and post- disaster phases, demonstrating their effectiveness for post-disaster damage assessment, landslide detection and rapid mapping, the definition of states of activity and updating of landslide inventory maps.
Abstract: The current availability of advanced remote sensing technologies in the field of landslide analysis allows for rapid and easily updatable data acquisitions, improving the traditional capabilities of detection, mapping and monitoring, as well as optimizing fieldwork and investigating hazardous or inaccessible areas, while granting at the same time the safety of the operators. Among Earth Observation (EO) techniques in the last decades optical Very High Resolution (VHR) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery represent very effective tools for these implementations, since very high spatial resolution can be obtained by means of optical systems, and by the new generations of sensors designed for interferometric applications. Although these spaceborne platforms have revisiting times of few days they still cannot match the spatial detail or time resolution achievable by means of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Digital Photogrammetry (DP), and ground-based devices, such as Ground-Based Interferometric SAR (GB-InSAR), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and InfraRed Thermography (IRT), which in the recent years have undergone a significant increase of usage, thanks to their technological development and data quality improvement, fast measurement and processing times, portability and cost-effectiveness. In this paper the potential of the abovementioned techniques and the effectiveness of their synergic use is explored in the field of landslide analysis by analyzing various case studies, characterized by different slope instability processes, spatial scales and risk management phases. Spaceborne optical Very High Resolution (VHR) and SAR data were applied at a basin scale for analysing shallow rapid-moving and slow-moving landslides in the emergency management and post- disaster phases, demonstrating their effectiveness for post-disaster damage assessment, landslide detection and rapid mapping, the definition of states of activity and updating of landslide inventory maps. The potential of UAV-DP for very high resolution periodical checks of instability phenomena was explored at a slope-scale in a selected test site; two shallow landslides were detected and characterized, in terms of areal extension, volume and temporal evolution. The combined use of GB-InSAR, TLS and IRT ground based methods, was applied for the surveying, monitoring and characterization of rock slides, unstable cliffs and translational slides. These applications were evaluated in the framework of successful rapid risk scenario evaluation, long term monitoring and emergency management activities. All of the results were validated by means of field surveying activities. The attempt of this work is to give a contribution to the current state of the art of advanced spaceborne and ground based techniques applied to landslide studies, with the aim of improving and extending their investigative capacity in the framework of a growing demand for effective Civil Protection procedures in pre- and post-disaster initiatives. Advantages and limitations of the proposed methods, as well as further fields of applications are evaluated for landslide-prone areas.
219 citations
Cites background or methods from "Geomorphology of the Rotolon landsl..."
...Therefore, the presence of an inhomogeneity within the observed scenario will be displayed in the corresponding radiant temperature map as an irregular thermal pattern with respect to the surroundings (a “thermal anomaly”) (Frodella et al., 2014b)....
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...2015); iv) map ephemeral drainage patterns (Frodella et al., 2014a; 2015); v) integrate traditional geo-structural and geomechanical surveys (Mineo et al....
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...…a significant increase of applications in the field of geosciences (Spampinato et al. 2011), nevertheless in the study of slope instability processes it is still experimentally used, except for a few interesting experimental studies (Wu et al., 2005; Baroň et al. 2012; Frodella et al., 2014b)....
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...…et al. 2012); iii) perform rockfall/slide susceptibility assessment (Gigli et al. 2014a, c; Teza et al. 2015); iv) map ephemeral drainage patterns (Frodella et al., 2014a; 2015); v) integrate traditional geo-structural and geomechanical surveys (Mineo et al., 2015; Mineo and Pappalardo 2016;…...
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TL;DR: The proposed methodology proved to be an effective tool for landslide analysis, especially in the field of emergency management, when it is often necessary to gather all the required information in dangerous environments as fast as possible, to be used for the planning of mitigation measures and the evaluation of hazardous scenarios.
Abstract: In this paper, the potential of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as a novel operational tool for landslide surveying, mapping and characterization was tested and demonstrated in different case studies, by analyzing various types of instability processes (rock slide/fall, roto-translational slide-flow). In particular, IRT was applied, both from terrestrial and airborne platforms, in an integrated methodology with other geomatcs methods, such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and global positioning systems (GPS), for the detection and mapping of landslides’ potentially hazardous structural and morphological features (structural discontinuities and open fractures, scarps, seepage and moisture zones, landslide drainage network and ponds). Depending on the study areas’ hazard context, the collected remotely sensed data were validated through field inspections, with the purpose of studying and verifying the causes of mass movements. The challenge of this work is to go beyond the current state of the art of IRT in landslide studies, with the aim of improving and extending the investigative capacity of the analyzed technique, in the framework of a growing demand for effective Civil Protection procedures in landslide geo-hydrological disaster managing activities. The proposed methodology proved to be an effective tool for landslide analysis, especially in the field of emergency management, when it is often necessary to gather all the required information in dangerous environments as fast as possible, to be used for the planning of mitigation measures and the evaluation of hazardous scenarios. Advantages and limitations of the proposed method in the field of the explored applications were evaluated, as well as general operative recommendations and future perspectives.
54 citations
Additional excerpts
...geo-referenced 3D surface (Figure 10c) [46,73]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a remote sensing monitoring system was installed with the following purposes: (i) analyse the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features in order to assess the residual landslide risk and (ii) support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the bypass construction and the landslide stabilization works.
Abstract: On 24 October 2015, following a period of heavy rainfall, a landslide occurred in the Calatabiano Municipality (Sicily Island, Southern Italy), causing the rupture of a water pipeline supplying water to the city of Messina. Following this event, approximately 250,000 inhabitants of the city suffered critical water shortages for several days. Consequently, on 6 November 2015, a state of emergency was declared (O.C.D.P. 295/2015) by the National Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC). During the emergency management phase, a provisional by-pass, consisting of three 350-m long pipes passing through the landslide area, was constructed to restore water to the city. Furthermore, on 11 November 2015, a landslide remote-sensing monitoring system was installed with the following purposes: (i) analyse the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features in order to assess the residual landslide risk and (ii) support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the by-pass construction and the landslide stabilization works. The monitoring system was based on the combined use of Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In this work, the preliminary results of the monitoring activities and a remote 3D map of the landslide area are presented.
47 citations
42 citations
Cites background from "Geomorphology of the Rotolon landsl..."
...These factors can trigger secondary rockslides or occasionally drive failure of the entire DSGSD (Agliardi et al., 2001; Bruckl et al., 2013; Frodella et al., 2014)....
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01 Apr 2013
TL;DR: In this article, an inventory map of deep seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) at the scale of the entire European Alps is presented, in order to review existing knowledge and investigate general controls on these phenomena.
Abstract: Abstract Deep seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD) are widespread phenomena, recognized in different mountain ranges worldwide. The distribution of such phenomena at the scale of a mountain belt has rarely been systematically analysed in the past. Aim of the paper is to present and discuss an inventory map of DSGSD at the scale of the entire European Alps, in order to review existing knowledge and investigate general controls on these phenomena. The criteria adopted for their classification and distinction are presented. A total of 1033 DSGSDs, ranging in size between 0.03 and 108 km 2 , have been mapped. The inventory has been validated against available local or regional landslide inventories at different scales and prepared by different authors using different approaches. The frequency–area relationship for the mapped features is presented. The spatial distribution of the mapped DSGSD has been quantified by discretizing the study area into regular square grids with different resolution, and analysed with respect to a variety of geological, geomorpohological and morphometric variables, and of their clustering. Discriminant, principal component and cluster analyses have been performed to define the most important controlling and predisposing factors. Results suggest that the occurrence of foliated metamorphic rocks, LGM ice thickness, local relief (and related parameters), slope size, drainage density and river stream power are the local parameters most positively correlated to DSGSD occurrence. The impact of these phenomena on slope morphology, in terms of hypsometry and slope gradient adjustment is also discussed.
37 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the range of Earth surface movements that may be classified as LANDSLIDES and classified them according to the following: Falling, sliding, or flowing.
Abstract: THE WHOLE RANGE OF EARTH MOVEMENTS THAT MAY PROPERLY BE REGARDED AS LANDSLIDES IS REVIEWED AND THESE MOVEMENTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO FACTORS THAT HAVE SOME BEARING ON PREVENTION OR CONTROL. THE TERM LANDSLIDE IS DEFINED AS DENOTING DOWNWARD AND OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF SLOPE-FORMING MATERIALS COMPOSED OF NATURAL ROCK, SOILS, ARTIFICIAL FILLS, COMBINATIONS OF THESE MATERIALS. THE MOVING MASS MAY PROCEDE BY ANY ONE OF THREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF MOVEMENT: FALLING, SLIDING, OR FLOWING, OR BY THEIR COMBINATIONS. MATERIALS ARE CLASSED, FOR FALLS AND SLIDES, INTO BEDROCK AND SOILS. LANDSLIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BY TYPES OF MOVEMENT, BUT IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT A RIGID CLASSIFICATION IS NEITHER PRACTICAL NOR DESIREABLE. VARIATIONS IN THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT AND IN THE MATERIALS VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE, OR FROM TIME TO TIME, IN AN ACTUAL LANDSLIDE. SLUMPS AND SLUMPS COMBINED WITH OTHER TYPES OF MOVEMENT, MAKE UP A HIGH PROPORTION OF THE LANDSLIDE PROBLEMS FACING THE HIGHWAY ENGINEERS. THE MOVEMENT IN SLUMPS TAKES PLACE ONLY ALONG INTERNAL SLOPE SURFACES. SOME OF THE COMMON VARIETIES OF SLUMP FAILURE ARE ILLUSTRATED IN A FIGURE. THE PROCESS OF LANDSLIDING IS ESSENTIALLY A CONTINUOUS SERIES OF EVENTS FROM CAUSE TO EFFECT. IN MANY INSTANCES THE PRINCIPLE CAUSE OF THE SLIDE CANNOT BE REMOVED SO IT MAY BE MORE ECONOMICAL TO ALLEVIATE THE EFFECTS CONTINUALLY OR INTERMITTENTLY WITHOUT ATTEMPTING TO REMOVE THE CAUSE. LANDSLIDES GENERALLY TAKE PLACE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGIC, TOPOGRAPHIC, OR CLIMATIC FACTORS COMMON TO LARGE AREAS. VERY SELDOM CAN A SLIDE BE ATTRIBUTED TO A SINGLE DEFINITE CAUSE. ALL TRUE SLIDES (EXCLUDING FALLS) INVOLVE THE FAILURE OF EARTH MATERIALS UNDER SHEAR STRESS. THE INITIATION OF THE PROCESS CAN THEREFORE BE REVIEWED ACCORDING TO: (1) THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HIGH SHEAR STRESS, AND (2) THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LOW SHEAR STRENGTH. THE PRINCIPLE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INSTABILITY OF EARTH MATERIALS ARE: (1) REMOVAL OF LATERAL SUPPORT LEADING TO INSTABILITY AND ACTIONS OF EROSION, GLACIER ICE, WAVES AND LONGSHORE OR TIDAL CURRENTS; CREATION OF NEW SLOPE BY PREVIOUS ROCKFALL, SLIDE, SUBSIDENCE, OR LARGE SCALE FAULTING, AND HUMAN AGENCIES, (2) SURCHARGE WHICH INCLUDES NATURAL AND HUMAN AGENCIES, (3) TRANSITORY EARTH STRESSES WHICH MAY RESULT FROM EARTHQUAKES, VIBRATIONS FROM BLASTING, MACHINERY, AND TRAFFIC, (4) REGIONAL TILTING WHICH CAUSES PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN SLOPE ANGLES, (5) RE- MOVAL OF UNDERLYING SUPPORT BY UNDERCUTTING OF BANKS, BY RIVERS AND WAVES, SUBAERIAL WEATHERING, SUBTERRANEAN EROSION, HUMAN AGENCY, SUCH AS MINING, AND (6) LATERAL PRESSURE DUE TO WATER IN CRACKS AND CAVERNS, FREEZING OF WATER IN CRACKS, AND SWELLING. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LAW SHEAR STRENGTH ARE DISCUSSED.
1,703 citations
"Geomorphology of the Rotolon landsl..." refers background in this paper
...The Rotolon landslide is characterized by a complex activity (Cruden & Varnes, 1996) that leads to a rough physiography....
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...…slow movements related to deep-seated gravitational processes (Agliardi, Crosta, & Zanchi, 2001; Crosta, 1996; Crosta, Frattini, & Agliardi, 2013; Cruden & Varnes, 1996; Dramis, 1984; Dramis & Sorriso-Valvo, 1994; Hutchinson, 1995; Oyagi, Sorriso-Valvo, & Voight, 1994; Soldati, 2013) commonly…...
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...Because of the coexistence of these different movement mechanisms in different parts of the slope, the Rotolon landslide can be classified as a composite landslide (sensu Cruden & Varnes, 1996)....
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01 Jan 2012
715 citations
01 Jan 2001
538 citations
"Geomorphology of the Rotolon landsl..." refers background in this paper
...The area is intersected by two main fault systems (Figure 2), one NE-SW oriented and one NNW-SSE oriented (Barbieri et al., 1980; Castellarin et al., 1968a, 1968b; De Zanche & Mietto, 1981)....
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...…portion of a sub-horizontally bedded (Figure 2), intensively fractured, mainly dolomitic limestone stratigraphic succession belonging to the South Alpine Domain (Barbieri et al., 1980; Castellarin et al., 1968a, 1968b; De Zanche & Mietto, 1981), from middle Triassic to lower Jurassic in age....
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TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated multi-disciplinary approach was performed to achieve a clear comprehension of the gravity deformation in the deep-seated slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Rhaetian Alps.
449 citations