Geospatial Approach to Assess the Impact of Nutrients on Rice Equivalent Yield Using MODIS Sensors’-Based MOD13Q1-NDVI Data
TL;DR: In this article, the power of geomatics, to retrieve the synoptic and substantial changes in cropping pattern was presented and interpretations lead to the evaluation of the contemporaneous cropping systems.
Abstract: Crop productivity is a major concern all over the world to provide food security, resulting in the green revolution. It is noteworthy that the fertilizer implemented to farmland leads to more desirable cropping patterns. Utilization of agricultural land efficiently for the crop production requires the knowledge of the nutrient inconsistency. This paper has presented the power of geomatics, to retrieve the synoptic and substantial changes in cropping pattern. Results and interpretations lead to the evaluation of the contemporaneous cropping systems. After a major yield parameter scrutiny for crops (rice, wheat, sugarcane, and onion), the magnificent accelerations were suggested. Results demonstrated a correlation $r^{\mathrm {\mathbf {2}}}$ value of 0.834 with the estimated crop yield and normalized difference vegetation index. The Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) is highest at the range of 17–21 t/ha in the North, central and southern lower part, lowest at the western part ranging from 7–12 t/ha, with some part with 12–14 t/ha, while the most of the eastern part of the study site has shown the REY values ranging from 14 to 17 t/ha. The surveyed information, such as pH, electical conductivity, and organic carbon of the soil specimen, was used to examine the spatial discrepancies of rice-based cropping system’s productivity. Ultimately, the spatial-temporal maps of fertilization pattern, yield parameters (e.g., $N$ , $P$ , and $K$ ), and relational REY observation were illustrated using spatial interpolation.
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TL;DR: This is an attempt to provide a review on the relationship between climate change impacts and crop production and emphasizes the role of crop simulation models in achieving food security.
Abstract: In recent times, several studies around the globe indicate that climatic changes are likely to impact the food production and poses serious challenge to food security. In the face of climate change, agricultural systems need to adapt measures for not only increasing food supply catering to the growing population worldwide with changing dietary patterns but also to negate the negative environmental impacts on the earth. Crop simulation models are the primary tools available to assess the potential consequences of climate change on crop production and informative adaptive strategies in agriculture risk management. In consideration with the important issue, this is an attempt to provide a review on the relationship between climate change impacts and crop production. It also emphasizes the role of crop simulation models in achieving food security. Significant progress has been made in understanding the potential consequences of environment-related temperature and precipitation effect on agricultural production during the last half century. Increased CO2 fertilization has enhanced the potential impacts of climate change, but its feasibility is still in doubt and debates among researchers. To assess the potential consequences of climate change on agriculture, different crop simulation models have been developed, to provide informative strategies to avoid risks and understand the physical and biological processes. Furthermore, they can help in crop improvement programmes by identifying appropriate future crop management practises and recognizing the traits having the greatest impact on yield. Nonetheless, climate change assessment through model is subjected to a range of uncertainties. The prediction uncertainty can be reduced by using multimodel, incorporating crop modelling with plant physiology, biochemistry and gene-based modelling. For devloping new model, there is a need to generate and compile high-quality field data for model testing. Therefore, assessment of agricultural productivity to sustain food security for generations is essential to maintain a collective knowledge and resources for preventing negative impact as well as managing crop practises.
44 citations
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TL;DR: Crop yield predicted using EF from the triangle were statistically better than the DK and ThM using values of the equivalent of EF obtained from archived surface data when compared with the measured soybean crop data.
Abstract: In this study a new method for predicting soybean yield over large spatial scales, overcoming the difficulties of scalability, is proposed. The method is based on the so-called “simplified triangle” remote sensing technique which is coupled with a crop prediction model of Doorenbos and Kassam 1979 (DK) and the climatological water balance model of Thornthwaite and Mather 1955 (ThM). In the method, surface soil water content (Mo), evapotranspiration (ET), and evaporative fraction (EF) are derived from satellite-derived surface radiant temperature (Ts) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Use of the proposed method is demonstrated in Brazil’s Parana state for crop years 2002–03 to 2011–12. The soybean crop yield model of DK is evaluated using remotely estimated EF values obtained by a simplified triangle. Predicted crop yield by the satellite measurements and from archived Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data (TRMM) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data were in good agreement with the measured crop yield. A “d2” index (modified Willmott) between 0.8 and 0.98 and RMSE between 30.8 (kg/ha) to 57.2 (kg/ha) was reported. Crop yield predicted using EF from the triangle were statistically better than the DK and ThM using values of the equivalent of EF obtained from archived surface data when compared with the measured soybean crop data. The proposed method requires no ancillary meteorological or surface data apart from the two satellite images. This makes the technique easy to apply allowing providing spatiotemporal estimates of crop yield in large areas and at different spatial scales requiring little or no surface data.
10 citations
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TL;DR: A unique and innovative technique to calculate the optimum location of spray points required for a particular stressed region is reported, which is divided into many circular divisions with its center being a spray point of the stressed region.
Abstract: This research paper focuses on providing an algorithm by which (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) UAVs can be used to provide optimal routes for agricultural applications such as, fertilizers and pesticide spray, in crop fields. To utilize a minimum amount of inputs and complete the task without a revisit, one needs to employ optimized routes and optimal points of delivering the inputs required in precision agriculture (PA). First, stressed regions are identified using VegNet (Vegetative Network) software. Then, methods are applied for obtaining optimal routes and points for the spraying of inputs with an autonomous UAV for PA. This paper reports a unique and innovative technique to calculate the optimum location of spray points required for a particular stressed region. In this technique, the stressed regions are divided into many circular divisions with its center being a spray point of the stressed region. These circular divisions would ensure a more effective dispersion of the spray. Then an optimal path is found out which connects all the stressed regions and their spray points. The paper also describes the use of methods and algorithms including travelling salesman problem (TSP)-based route planning and a Voronoi diagram which allows applying precision agriculture techniques.
9 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, an attempt was made to understand the potential of a spring for agricultural water use by evaluating the crop water requirement and potential improved strategies to increase the water productivity, the sensitivity analysis of benefit to cost suggests that an increase in the crop yield by 30% can increase the revenue in the study area by Rs.3687197, which is 217% more than the input costs.
Abstract: Highlights Spring flows are the primary source of water for rural Himalayan communities. An attempt was made to understand the potential of spring discharge as an alternative irrigation source. Improved management of resources is vital to account for agricultural water use. Managing water resources is a collective endeavor for achieving water security. Abstract.With increasing population and restricted water and land resources, there is a growing concern for better planning of the available water and land resources. In the mountainous regions or mountains, there is limited land with uncertain water availability as the rainfall patterns pose a major threat to the livelihood of the people. Therefore, it becomes necessary to quantify and manage the available water resources in a sustainable way. People in the Himalayas are mainly dependent on the springs for drinking water, but not much attention has been dedicated to the development and conservation of these springs. A spring in the Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand state of India, has been continuously monitored to quantify the available water for domestic use and agriculture. In this study, an attempt is made to understand the potential of a spring for agricultural water use by evaluating the crop water requirement and potential improved strategies to increase the water productivity. Analysis proves that crop evapotranspiration is higher (946-1062 mm) for crops with extended duration (165-180 days) as compared to evapotranspiration (92.91 mm) of short duration (60 days) crops. The total water requirement for major crops in the area is 6411.35 mm and the monitored spring has the potential to supplement this water requirement. Adopting the system of rice intensification to increase the rice yield (by 49%), increases the water productivity. The sensitivity analysis of benefit to cost suggests that, an increase in the crop yield by 30% can increase the revenue in the study area by Rs.3687197, which is 217% more than the input costs. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the available water and area for irrigation to achieve the global water security for increasing population. Further, utilizing springs as potential irrigation sources will support rural community in meeting domestic water requirement and achieving environmental sustainability. Findings of this study will help in planning and implementing management strategies that are resilient in the face of future changes and improve the economic condition of farmers.
7 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of conversion from dryland to paddy field in Jinxian County under the water resources constraint and dryland suitability condition was evaluated, and the authors concluded that the feasible conversion degree of dryland-to-paddy field was 0.72.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the feasibility of conversion from dryland to paddy field in Jinxian County under the water resources constraint and dryland suitability condition. We constructed a water resources balance model to evaluate irrigation needs and a dryland suitability model that coupled various spatial data layers. Our research showed that under the water resources constraint, the amount of conversion from dryland to paddy field was 26,971.69 ha and the feasible conversion degree of dryland to paddy field was 0.84, while under the dryland suitability condition, it was 23,262.74 ha and 0.72, respectively. According to the principle of maximum constraint, we conclude that the feasible conversion degree of dryland to paddy field was 0.72. This research can provide an objective and scientific basis for carrying out a programme of farmland conversion in counties of China as well as similar areas worldwide.
4 citations
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review establishes realistic yield targets and discusses strategies and tactics to improve complementarity of the two crops by choice of cultivar, sowing time, mechanization, soil and water management, choice and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, management of weeds, pests and diseases, and the inclusion of other crops into the system, especially legumes.
Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are now grown in sequence on the same land in the same year over 26 Mha of South and East Asia to meet the food demand of a rapidly expanding human population. This rice–wheat (R–W) system brings together conflicting and complementary practices. Much of the system operates at low yield because of inadequate nutrients and inappropriate water management. The challenge to research is to understand crop responses to the required combination of practices so that management systems can be devised for high and sustainable combined yield. The repeated transitions from anaerobic to aerobic to anaerobic growing conditions affect soil structure, nutrient relations, the growth of the component crops, and their associated pests and diseases. This review establishes realistic yield targets and discusses strategies and tactics to improve complementarity of the two crops by choice of cultivar, sowing time, mechanization, soil and water management, choice and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, management of weeds, pests and diseases, and the inclusion of other crops into the system, especially legumes. While research must attend to existing problems and improve resource-use efficiency of existing practices, the review suggests the need to look for new production strategies that might avoid existing constraints in some areas of the R–W region. In particular, soil, water and nutrient management strategies, such as reduced tillage and use of raised beds, that avoid the deleterious effects of puddling on soil structure and fertility, improve water- and nutrient-use efficiencies, and increase crop productivity, may be appropriate.
697 citations
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TL;DR: A better understanding of wheat's physiological and genetic basis may permit floret abortion to be minimized for a more optimal source: sink balance, and trade-offs in terms of the partitioning of assimilates to competing sinks during spike growth, to prevent yield losses as a result of lodging.
Abstract: Recent advances in crop research have the potential to accelerate genetic gains in wheat, especially if co-ordinated with a breeding perspective. For example, improving photosynthesis by exploiting natural variation in Rubisco’s catalytic rate or adopting C4 metabolism could raise the baseline for yield potential by 50% or more. However, spike fertility must also be improved to permit full utilization of photosynthetic capacity throughout the crop life cycle and this has several components. While larger radiation use efficiency will increase the total assimilates available for spike growth, thereby increasing the potential for grain number, an optimized phenological pattern will permit the maximum partitioning of the available assimilates to the spikes. Evidence for underutilized photosynthetic capacity during grain filling in elite material suggests unnecessary floret abortion. Therefore, a better understanding of its physiological and genetic basis, including possible signalling in response to photoperiod or growth-limiting resources, may permit floret abortion to be minimized for a more optimal source:sink balance. However, trade-offs in terms of the partitioning of assimilates to competing sinks during spike growth, to improve root anchorage and stem strength, may be necessary to prevent yield losses as a result of lodging. Breeding technologies that can be used to complement conventional approaches include wide crossing with members of the Triticeae tribe to broaden the wheat genepool, and physiological and molecular breeding strategically to combine complementary traits and to identify elite progeny more efficiently.
569 citations
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TL;DR: The fraction of the soil sulphur which was extracted after heating with water on a boiling water-bath, followed by heating for 1 hr in a hot-air oven (heat-soluble sulphur), was found to be highly correlated with both sulphur uptake and yield of oats grown in pot culture, and it seems likely that this heat- soluble fraction ma3 provide a satisfactory index of available sulphur.
Abstract: A range of soils from eastern Australia hare been examined for a number of fractions of soil sulphur. These have been compared with plant sulphur uptake and yield of oats grown in pot culture in order to assess their possible values as indices of available sulphur. In all of the soils examined, most of the sulphur was present in organic forms and in most cases at least 50 per cent. could be extracted by 0.1N sodium hydroxide. Similar amounts were released as sulphate by ignition of the soil and similar amounts were also estimated by a reduction method. These three fractions were highly correlated with one another and with the total sulphur, but each was poorly correlated with the sulphur uptake and yield of oats in pot culture experiments. The results indicated that an appreciable proportion of the soil sulphur may consist of organic sulphates. The amounts of free water-soluble sulphate were small and were unsatisfactory as indices of yield. In addition to free sulphate, aqueous extracts also contained some organic sulphur which was easily oxidized to free sulphate by dilute hydrogen peroxide. The amount of water-soluble sulphur could be substantially increased by heating the soil prior to extraction. The fraction of the soil sulphur which was extracted after heating with water on a boiling water-bath, followed by heating for 1 hr in a hot-air oven (heat-soluble sulphur), was found to be highly correlated with both sulphur uptake and yield of oats grown in pot culture. It seems likely that this heat-soluble fraction ma3 provide a satisfactory index of available sulphur.
449 citations
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TL;DR: An ancient form of crop management that adds carbon to the soil as charcoal, improving fertility along the way is looked at, receiving ever more attention and research funds as a possible 'solution' to the threat of global warming.
Abstract: One way to keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere is to put it back in the ground. In the first
of two News Features on carbon sequestration, Quirin Schiermeier asked when the world's coal-fired power plants will start storing away their carbon. In the second, Emma Marris joins the enthusiasts who think that enriching Earth's soils with charcoal can help avert global warming, reduce the need for fertilizers, and greatly increase the size of turnips. Carbon sequestration — basically just putting carbon dioxide back into the ground — is receiving ever more attention and research funds as a possible 'solution' to the threat of global warming. In the first of two features on the topic we ask when research into geological storage might actually start doing some good. In the second, we look at an ancient form of crop management that adds carbon to the soil as charcoal, improving fertility along the way.
440 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a field study was conducted during the 2000 crop season in McLean County, Illinois, in the U.S. Midwest to evaluate the applicability of the 8-day, 250 m resolution composite imagery (version 4) for operational assessment of crop condition and yields.
Abstract: NOAA AVHRR has been used extensively for monitoring vegetation condition and changes across the United States. Integration of crop growth models with MODIS imagery at 250 m resolution from the Terra Satellite potentially offers an opportunity for operational assessment of the crop condition and yield at both field and regional scales. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the MODIS 250 m resolution data for retrieval of crop biophysical parameters that could be integrated in crop yield simulation models. A secondary objective was evaluating the potential use of MODIS 250 m resolution data for crop classification. A field study (24 fields) was conducted during the 2000 crop season in McLean County, Illinois, in the U.S. Midwest to evaluate the applicability of the MODIS 8-day, 250 m resolution composite imagery (version 4) for operational assessment of crop condition and yields. Ground-based canopy and leaf reflectance and leaf area index (LAI) measurements were used to calibrate a radiative transfer model to create a look up table (LUT) that was used to simulate LAI. The seasonal trend of MODIS derived LAI was used to find crop model parameters by adjusting the LAI simulated from the climate-based crop yield model. Other intermediate products such as crop phenological events were adjusted from the LAI seasonal profile. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield simulations were conducted on a 1.6 × 1.6 km2 spatial resolution grid and the results integrated to the county level. The results were within 10% of county yields reported by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).
239 citations
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