Geotechnical Investigation for Resort Construction Using Resistivity and Granulometric Studies in Pattinamaruthur Coast, Southern India
29 Jun 2015-Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (Springer International Publishing)-Vol. 33, Iss: 5, pp 1335-1350
TL;DR: In this paper, the results indicate that the top layer has a resistivity value ranging from 20 to 100 Ωm showing clayey, sand and sandy clay with maximum a layer thickness of 1.5 m. In the field 20 profiles were covered using the square array configuration and the data were interpreted using the curve matching technique.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to find out the soil strength, depth of hard rock, boundary of Archean and Quaternary stages, and aquifer conditions for resort construction in Pattinamaruthur coast, Southern India. Thus geotechnical studies using the electrical resistivity method and grain size analysis were carried out in marine environs using the CRM-500 equipment and microscope. In the field 20 profiles were covered using the square array configuration and the data were interpreted using the curve matching technique. The contour maps of soil thickness and depth to the basement were prepared using the GIS software package (ArcGIS 9.3). The results indicate that the top layer has a resistivity value ranging from 20 to 100 Ω-m showing clayey, sand and sandy clay with maximum a layer thickness of 1.5 m. It is also able to distinguish the soil and rock boundaries. The electrical resistivity values are obtained that range from 1 to 5 Ω-m for saltwater, 5–50 Ω-m for sandstone and >400 Ω-m for weathered genesis rock in the study area. The grain size analysis has identified the depositional environment such as coastal and inland dunes, and freshwater deposits; and also recommended for wood house foundation in the coastal area for disaster management.
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TL;DR: In this article, the discharge of freshwater from coastal terraces to coastal areas was studied using geology, grain size, magneto telluric, resistivity and water geochemistry for quality analysis.
Abstract: The focus of this study is the discharge of freshwater from coastal terraces to coastal areas. A large amount of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flow moves toward the sea. The study to determine the flux rate uses geology, grain size, magneto telluric, resistivity and water geochemistry for quality analysis. The research is on the structure of calcite and sandstone composed of high-porosity rocks in the entire terrace. The height of the platform is 45 m, and the high gradient of SGD flows through the porous medium. Rock types and grain studies are used to distinguish estuarine, beach and shallow sea environments. Round quartz grains were found at the top of the terrace in the form of nodules, which is evidence of the uplift of coastal landforms. In the microscopic study, the carbonate rock in the terrace contains calcium and other substances. The calcium substance has fine, medium, coarse grain and ionic properties. Resistivity sounding, 2D resistivity imaging, and magneto telluric technology are to use resistivity changes to determine the connectivity of permeable calcarinite rock and SGD in land and ocean underground discharges. Geochemical phase evolution maps are used to support freshwater and seawater intrusions in research areas. Water flow is calculated using 2D ERI and MT images. Due to the porosity and permeability of the rock, five open-hole wells in the Saint Xavier Cave were discovered, forming a calcarenite structure with a high water flow gradient. This is a useful case study for the purpose of drinking water for coastal people in the system of seepage aquifers.
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Cites background from "Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..."
...(2013), Komar and Cui (1984), Guillen and Palanques (1996), Ravindran and Mondal (2015) and Ravindran et al....
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TL;DR: In this article, a 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method and geotechnical soil texture investigation was carried out during underwater rock exposure to alleviate the need for continued dredging operations.
Abstract: An able-bodied, due to the exposure of the rocks in the northeast part of the boat path, the construction of Thengapattanam port encountered a major problem of dredging. In Thengapattanam, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method and geotechnical soil texture investigation was carried out during underwater rock exposure to alleviate the need for continued dredging operations. The 2D ERI Marine Resistivity of special carbon floating electrodes with Wenner configuration technique used in this study. Res2DINV software was used to interpret the collected resistivity data to develop the apparent resistivity and pseudo-profile of exposed rock and soil in underwater. The Magneto Telluric Resistivity technique is used to locate the underground rock features of the port rock formation in deep mapping. The 2D picture shows the resistivity range of the three layers, such as top soil (0.06–0.9 Ω m soil contains clay), 1–1.5 Ω m sandy loam and 1.5–6 Ω m weathered gneiss, indicating subsurface geological conditions in the area. The support for texture analysis includes sampling, screening, weighing and calculation of graphic study for consolidation package of soil and rock formation. Marine 2D ERI and Magneto telluric resistivity studies are used for determine the formation of underwater rocks in river and coastal environments.
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1974
5,591 citations
"Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..." refers methods in this paper
...Further the SEDCLASS software was used for estimation of percentage gravel, sand, silt and clay to classify the sediment deposits (Shephard 1954; Folk 1974)....
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...The cumulative frequency curve is obtained by plotting of size (Phi) values versus cumulative percentage (Folk 1974; Friedman 1961; Joshua and Oyebanjo 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt is made to standardize nomenclature of sediment types relative to sand, silt, and clay content, and a triangle diagram with boundaries between types is submitted and compared with other systems which have been used for the purpose.
Abstract: Following a canvassing of sedimentationists an attempt is made to standardize nomenclature of sediment types relative to sand, silt, and clay content. A triangle diagram with boundaries between types, which met with general approval, is submitted and compared with other systems which have been used for the purpose. The new system uses old well established names and has a simplicity and symmetry which make it easily remembered. The boundaries appear to be well located for description of sediments such as those that have been analyzed in large volume from the investigations of the northern Gulf of Mexico (API Project 51), but it is inadequate in describing well sorted sediments with median diameters near the boundaries of sand and silt or silt and clay. The nomenclature suggested applie only to sediment grade sizes so that other names should be used depending on other characteristics of the sediments. Furthermore, the nomenclature should not be applied to sediments containing large percentages of gravel.
1,542 citations
"Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..." refers methods in this paper
...Further the SEDCLASS software was used for estimation of percentage gravel, sand, silt and clay to classify the sediment deposits (Shephard 1954; Folk 1974)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors overview the variation of electrical resistivity as a function of soil properties, and the main electrical device to performed one-, two-or three-dimensional surveys, and explain the basic principles of the data interpretation.
Abstract: Electrical resistivity of the soil can be considered as a proxy for the spatial and temporal variability of many other soil physical properties (i.e. structure, water content, or fluid composition). Because the method is non-destructive and very sensitive, it offers a very attractive tool for describing the subsurface properties without digging. It has been already applied in various contexts like: groundwater exploration, landfill and solute transfer delineation, agronomical management by identifying areas of excessive compaction or soil horizon thickness and bedrock depth, and at least assessing the soil hydrological properties. The surveys, depending on the areas heterogeneities can be performed in one-, two- or three-dimensions and also at different scales resolution from the centimetric scale to the regional scale. In this review, based on many electrical resistivity surveys, we expose the theory and the basic principles of the method, we overview the variation of electrical resistivity as a function of soil properties, we listed the main electrical device to performed one-, two- or three-dimensional surveys, and explain the basic principles of the data interpretation. At least, we discuss the main advantages and limits of the method.
941 citations
"Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..." refers result in this paper
...This study is support for further civil engineering constructions (Abu-Hassanein et al. 1996; Tabbagh et al. 2000; Giao et al. 2003; Samouëlian et al. 2005; Schwartz et al. 2008)....
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...This study is support for further civil engineering constructions (Abu-Hassanein et al. 1996; Tabbagh et al. 2000; Giao et al. 2003; Samouëlian et al. 2005; Schwartz et al. 2008)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define the wide scope of sedimentology, as they see it, a scope which may be broader than that of some of their colleagues, and suggest that a critical synthesis of this field is a matter of importance and urgency.
Abstract: This book has been written in response to the rapid expansion and diversification of sedimentology during the last 30 years. We believe that a critical synthesis of this field is a matter of importance and urgency. The study of sedimentology involves a dynamic interplay with many of the other branches of geology. Its tools range from those used to measure the submicroscopic to ones involving the use of radar, the reflection seismograph, and Earth satellites. In the introduction of Part I we define the wide scope of sedimentology, as we see it, a scope which may be broader than that of some of our colleagues. Actually sedimentology is such an unfamiliar term to some geologists that it has not yet become a heading in the index section of the Bibliography and Index of Geology. This book is intended to be used as a text in undergraduate and graduate courses of sedimentology. In writing this book we have aimed primarily at junior and senior students. Our style of writing in the early chapters is consistent with lower-level undergraduate courses, but we believe that as the student advances he or she progressively should become accustomed to a more professional style. Therefore, the later chapters are written at a professional level. To those who simply scan the book, this lack of uniformity may seem perplexing, but it is deliberate and has the student in mind. Beginning graduate students in sedimentology will also find this text useful. Chapters 8 to 14, especially Chapters 8, 10, 11, and 12, are central to the professional geologist employed in oil and gas exploration or exploitation, and in the study of groundwater or economic geology either in industry or government. Chapter 9 may be of interest to geologists concerned with environment.
817 citations
"Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..." refers methods in this paper
...The cumulative frequency curve is obtained by plotting of size (Phi) values versus cumulative percentage (Friedman 1961; Friedman and Sanders 1978)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the third moment (skewness) of a normal curve is used to distinguish between dune, beach, and river sand, and the difference between the two types of sand types can be numerically stated by computing the third moments of the distribution curve.
Abstract: Criteria for the recognition of the depositional environment of sandstones are important in the reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Petrographic characteristics of recent sands from dune, beach, and river environments have been studied to determine if there are mineralogical or textural characteristics which will permit diagnosing the environment of deposition. At present satisfactory depositional petrographic criteria are nonexistent. Since near-shore sands are shifted from one environment to the other, it is necessary to relate the petrographic characteristics to the terminal environment. The mineralogy of clastic sediments for the most part seems to reflect the nature of the source rock, whereas textural parameters are chiefly related to the mode of transportation and the energy conditions of the transporting medium. Grain-size distribution analyses represent a plot of abundance or frequency against grain-size. Dune sands commonly can be distinguished from beach sands on the basis of such plots. The distinction between the sand types can be numerically stated by computing the third moment (skewness) of the distribution curve. On the phi scale the third moment (skewness) for dune sands is generally positive, whereas that of beach sands is generally negative. This seems to hold whether the dune samples are from barrier islands, coasts, lakes, rivers, or deserts. Beach s nds of positive skewness occur on Padre Island, Texas, near the delta of the Rio Grande River, and on Horn Island, Mississippi. Sporadic positively-skewed beach sands have been found elsewhere, but for medium-to fine-and very fine-grained sands these appear to be relatively uncommon. Within the widely scattered samples a number of dune samples with slight negative skewness (-0.28 or less) have also been found. A plot of mean grain-size against third moment (skewness) results in an almost complete separation of the fields representing dune sands and beach sands. The sign of the skewness is not affected by the mineralogy of the sample. Sands of quartz, carbonate, gypsum, and olivine all follow the same general rule. The distribution curves of river sands like those of dune sands are generally positively skewed, but a number of exceptions to this rule have been noted. Within limitations, medium-to fine-and very fine-grained river sands can be distinguished from beach sands on the basis of plots of third moment (skewness) against standard deviation (sorting). The third moment (skewness) of coarse-grained sand is inconclusive as an indicator of depositional environment. Dune sands can commonly be distinguished from river sands by their sorting characteristics; dune sands tend to be better sorted than river sands. Since dune and river sands are skewed in the same direction, a further criterion is needed for distinguishing river from dune sands which have overlapping sorting characteristics. This has een found by separating the light mineral grains from those of the heavy mineral and determining the mean grain-size ratio of quartz and that of a specific heavy mineral in the same sand, such as garnet or magnetite. The ratio of the radius of quartz to that of a specific heavy mineral is usually larger for river sands than for dune sands. For one Mid-Continent drainage system (Arkansas River and tributaries), plots of ratio of mean grain-size of heavy to light minerals (using the phi system) against the ratio of sorting (standard deviation) of heavy to light minerals show points representing river sands to lie in a different area of the graph from those for dunes. Transportation of dune and river sands represents, for the most part, unidirectional flow. The upper size range of grains carried in suspension or by saltation is governed by the competency of the transporting medium. Such limitation does not affect fine particles in transport. The result of this limiting competency is reflected at the coarse-grained end of the frequency distribution curve by the lack of a "tail" usually present in a normal curve, resulting in positive skewness. In beach sands the fine-grained particles of sand are removed by winnowing. The distribution curve of a winnowed sand appears to have a "chopped off" tail at the fine-grained end in comparison to a normal curve, thus indicating negative skewness.
638 citations
"Geotechnical Investigation for Reso..." refers methods in this paper
...The cumulative frequency curve is obtained by plotting of size (Phi) values versus cumulative percentage (Folk 1974; Friedman 1961; Joshua and Oyebanjo 2010)....
[...]
...The cumulative frequency curve is obtained by plotting of size (Phi) values versus cumulative percentage (Friedman 1961; Friedman and Sanders 1978)....
[...]