Germinated brown rice and its role in human health.
07 Feb 2013-Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr)-Vol. 53, Iss: 5, pp 451-463
TL;DR: Germinated brown rice is considered healthier than white rice, as it is not only richer in the basic nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and essential amino acids, but also contains more bioactive components, such as ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol, and gamma aminobutyric acid.
Abstract: Brown rice, unmilled or partly milled, contains more nutritional components than ordinary white rice. Despite its elevated content of bioactive components, brown rice is rarely consumed as a staple food for its dark appearance and hard texture. The germination of brown rice can be used to improve its taste and further enhance its nutritional value and health functions. Germinated brown rice is considered healthier than white rice, as it is not only richer in the basic nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and essential amino acids, but also contains more bioactive components, such as ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol, and gamma aminobutyric acid. Moreover, germinated brown rice has been reported to exhibit many physiological effects, including antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, and the reduction in the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is likely that germinated brown rice will become a popular health food.
Citations
More filters
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of germination time on the selected physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch prepared from three different rice cultivars was investigated, and changes in total starch, amylose and amylopectin contents of flour and molecular weight of starch, gelatinization, pasting, rheological, and morphological properties were investigated.
Abstract: The present work was designed to obtain information on the effect of germination time on the selected physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch prepared from three different rice cultivars. Changes in total starch, amylose and amylopectin contents of flour, amylopectin/amylose ratio and molecular weight of starch, gelatinization, pasting, rheological, and morphological properties of flour and starch during 5 days of germination were investigated. Significant changes of pasting and rheological properties of brown rice flour were found during germination, but only small changes of these properties could be found in isolated starch. Scanning electron micrographs of flour showed that the continuous matrix structure of flour was highly destroyed after germination and scanning electron micrographs of isolated starch showed that after three days of germination, pits and holes were discovered on the surface of some starch granules. Germination had little effect on the average molecular weight of starch, but the polydispersity value in germinated brown rice (2–5 days germination) was higher than that in non-germinated brown rice. The changes observed in physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch after germination provided a crucial basis for understanding flour and starch modification mechanisms with potential applications for an industrial scale.
94 citations
[...]
TL;DR: The lower accumulation of GABA in japonica rice could be remedied by adding exogenous L -Glu and GA 3, and providing acidic soaking conditions, which help to produceGABA enriched functional food.
Abstract: Germinated brown rice is a well-known functional food due to its high content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).This study was designed to test the difference of producing GABAin two domesticated rice genotypes (indica and japonica rice), and the effects of adding ex-ogenous glutamic acid or gibberellin, and processing conditions. Soaking at 30 °C and ger-mination at 35 °C during 36 h resulted in the highest GABA in distilled soaking water withpH 7. The indica rice showed higher GABA levels than japonica rice. GABA was increasedunder acidic soaking conditions or by adding L -glutamic acid ( L -Glu) at the optimal con-centration of 1.0 g L −1 and gibberellin A 3 (GA 3 ) at the optimal concentration of 0.25 mg L −1 .The lower accumulation of GABA in japonica rice could be remedied by adding exogenous L -Glu and GA 3 , and providing acidic soaking conditions.The results help to efficiently produceGABA enriched functional food.© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.ARTICLE INFO Article history:
74 citations
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the effects of soy extracts and individual soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, on prostate cancer cells and found that soy extract contained 50% w/w of total is oflavones with approximately 1:5.5:3.5 ratios of genistin, daidzin and glycitin, respectively.
Abstract: Previous studies have suggested that soy isoflavones exert anticarcinogenic effects against prostate cancer. We propose that soy extracts, containing a mixture of soy isoflavones and other bioactive components, would be a more potent chemo-preventive agent than individual soy isoflavones. We compared the apoptotic effects of whole soy extracts and individual soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, on prostate cancer cells. The soy extract contained 50% w/w of total isoflavones with approximately 1:5.5:3.5 ratios of genistin, daidzin and glycitin, respectively. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH-1), LnCap and PC3 cells were treated with varying concentrations of soy extract, genistein or daidzein and analyzed for cell cycle alterations and induction of apoptosis. At equal concentrations (25 μmol/L), soy extract induced a significantly higher percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis than genistein or daidzein (P < 0.001). No significant changes in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis were observed in non-cancerous BPH-1 cells treated with soy extract, suggesting that the effects of soy extract may be tumor cell specific. On the contrary, both genistein and daidzein induced apoptosis in BPH-1 cells, suggesting that individual isoflavones may have cytotoxicity in non-cancerous cells. Soy extracts also increased Bax expression in PC3 cells, but no significant changes in nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation were detected, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis was independent of the NFκB pathway. Food products that bear a combination of active compounds may be more efficacious and safer as chemo-preventive agents than individual compounds. This ‘whole-food’-based approach is significant for the development of public health recommendations for prostate cancer prevention.
68 citations
[...]
TL;DR: The nutritional and technological properties of sprouted grains in relation to processing conditions are described and guidelines to optimize sprouting practices in order to maximize nutritive value are provided.
Abstract: Sprouting induces activation and de novo synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that make nutrients available for plant growth and development. Consumption of sprouted grains is suggested to be beneficial for human health. Positive consumer perceptions about sprouted cereals have resulted in new food and beverage product launches. However, because there is no generally accepted definition of "sprouting," it is unclear when grains are to be called sprouted. Moreover, guidelines about how much sprouted grain material food products should contain to exert health benefits are currently lacking. Accordingly, there is no regulatory base to develop appropriate food labeling for "sprouted foods." This review describes the nutritional and technological properties of sprouted grains in relation to processing conditions and provides guidelines to optimize sprouting practices in order to maximize nutritive value. Relatively long sprouting times (3 to 5 days) and/or high processing temperatures (25 to 35 °C) are needed to maximize the de novo synthesis and/or release of plant bioactive compounds. Nutrient compositional changes resulting from sprouting are often associated with health benefits. However, supportive data from clinical studies are very scarce, and at present it is impossible to draw any conclusion on health benefits of sprouted cereals. Finally, grains sprouted under the above-mentioned conditions are generally unfit for use in traditional food processing and it is challenging to use sprouted grains as ingredients without compromising their nutrient content. The present review provides a basis for better defining what "sprouting" is, and to help further research and development efforts in this field as well as future food regulations development.
63 citations
[...]
TL;DR: Study showed that germination provided a new approach to further develop canaryseed as a functional food for human consumption as well as investigating the changes of the total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, phenolic acid profiles and growth properties of canary seed during germination.
Abstract: Canaryseed is an important cereal crop in western Canada The changes of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, phenolic acid profiles (free and bound) of canaryseed during germination were investigated in the present study The growth properties also were investigated Fresh weight, shoot length and root length increased, whereas dry mass of canaryseed decreased during germination A 223% loss of dry matter was observed at 120h of germination The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of free and bound extracts showed a general trend of germinated seeds>raw seeds>soaked seeds Free, bound and total phenolic content significantly increased 1042%, 120% and 741% at the end of germination as compared to raw seeds (p<005) DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of canaryseed There were high correlations between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities TPC and ORAC values showed the highest correlation (r=09984) Six phenolic acids in free phenolic extracts and seven phenolic acids in bound phenolic extracts were detected, respectively Bound ferulic acid, the dominant phenolic acid in canaryseed, significantly increased during germination (p<005) Study showed that germination provided a new approach to further develop canaryseed as a functional food for human consumption
60 citations
References
More filters
[...]
TL;DR: The prevention of diabetes and control of its micro- and macrovascular complications will require an integrated, international approach if the authors are to see significant reduction in the huge premature morbidity and mortality it causes.
Abstract: Changes in human behaviour and lifestyle over the last century have resulted in a dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes worldwide. The epidemic is chiefly of type 2 diabetes and also the associated conditions known as 'diabesity' and 'metabolic syndrome'. In conjunction with genetic susceptibility, particularly in certain ethnic groups, type 2 diabetes is brought on by environmental and behavioural factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition and obesity. The prevention of diabetes and control of its micro- and macrovascular complications will require an integrated, international approach if we are to see significant reduction in the huge premature morbidity and mortality it causes.
5,510 citations
"Germinated brown rice and its role ..." refers background in this paper
[...]
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 67 controlled trials was performed to quantify the cholesterol-lowering effect of major dietary fibers, finding that increasing soluble fiber can make only a small contribution to dietary therapy to lower cholesterol.
Abstract: Background: The effects of dietary soluble fibers on blood cholesterol are uncertain. Objective: This meta-analysis of 67 controlled trials was performed to quantify the cholesterol-lowering effect of major dietary fibers. Design: Least-squares regression analyses were used to test the effect on blood lipids of pectin, oat bran, guar gum, and psyllium. Independent variables were type and amount of soluble fiber, initial cholesterol concentration, and other important study characteristics. Results: Soluble fiber, 2‐10 g/d, was associated with small but significant decreases in total cholesterol [ 20.045 mmol · L 21 ·g soluble fiber 21 (95% CI: 20.054, 20.035)] and LDL cholesterol [20.057 mmol · L 21 ·g 21 (95% CI: 20.070, 20.044)]. The effects on plasma lipids of soluble fiber from oat, psyllium, or pectin were not significantly different. We were unable to compare effects of guar because of the limited number of studies using 2‐10 g/d. Triacylglycerols and HDL cholesterol were not significantly influenced by soluble fiber. Lipid changes were independent of study design, treatment length, and background dietary fat content. Conclusions: Various soluble fibers reduce total and LDL cholesterol by similar amounts. The effect is small within the practical range of intake. For example, 3 g soluble fiber from oats (3 servings of oatmeal, 28 g each) can decrease total and LDL cholesterol by <0.13 mmol/L. Increasing soluble fiber can make only a small contribution to dietary therapy to lower cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:30‐42.
1,601 citations
"Germinated brown rice and its role ..." refers background in this paper
[...]
[...]
[...]
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: It is suggested that GPIIb/IIIa receptor blockade as compared with direct inhibition of thrombin, does not inhibit intracellular CaH mobilization signal transduction.
Abstract: Shaker A. Mousa and Thomas M. Reilly The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Cardiovascular Diseases Div., Exp. Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400 The present investigation was undertaken to compare the effects of different direct thrombin inhibitors including hirudin, DUP 714 (Ac-D-Phe-Pro-boro Arg) and PPACK (Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl ketone) with different platelet GPIIblIIIa antagonists including linear Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD), cyclic RGD, peptidomimetic and non-peptide inhibitors on various platelet functions including: (a) platelet aggregation, (b) fibrinogen binding, (c) platelet plasminogen activator inhibitor type-l (PAl -1) release, (d) platelet serotonin release, and (e) platelet intracellular Ca++ mobilization. Hirudin, DUP 714 and PPACK were effective in inhibiting all of the responses (a-e) mediated by thrombin, with ICsos ranging from 0.002 to 0.9 uM depending upon the concentration of thrombin used, but not those mediated by other platelet agonists including collagen, ADP, and arachidonic acid. In contrast, linear RGD, constrained cyclic RGD (XM648), an RGD peptidomimetic (YY751), a non-peptide GPIIb/IIIa antagonist were effective in blocking fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation mediated by any of the agonists. The potency of XL 111, XM648 and YY751 in inhibiting thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation (a) and fibrinogen binding (b) ranged from ICso of 0.05 to 1.0 uM in (a) and IC50 of 0.01 to 0.005 uM in (b). However, all platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonists tested were ineffective in blocking either (c), (d) or (e). Flow cytometric analysis using dual fluorescence markers for the platelet GPIIblIIIa membrane receptors (FIrC-Iabeled cyclic RGD analog, XL086) and for the alpha granule (PE-monoclonal antibody for P-selectin) demonstrated a dissociation between the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptors by inhibitors and platelet granular secretion. These data suggest that GPIIb/IIIa receptor blockade as compared with direct inhibition of thrombin, does not inhibit intracellular CaH mobilization signal transduction. These data also show that GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, in contrast to thrombin inhibitors, inhibit platelet aggregation mediated by different agonists. The universal anti-aggregatory efficacy of the GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and efficacy of the thrombin inhibitors against Cardiovascular Disease 2 Edited by L.L. Gallo, Plenum Press, New York, 1995 255 thrombin-induced platelet secretion suggest potential benefits of their combinations in various thrombotic disorders.
1,378 citations
"Germinated brown rice and its role ..." refers background in this paper
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: There is evidence that plaque stability, vasomotor function, and the tendency to thrombosis are subject to modification by specific antioxidants, and it is speculated that these mechanisms have an important role in the benefits of antioxidants.
Abstract: Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between increased intake of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin C and reduced morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease. This association has been explained on the basis of the “oxidative-modification hypothesis” of atherosclerosis, which proposes that atherogenesis is initiated by oxidation of the lipids in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also termed lipid peroxidation. As a corollary to this hypothesis, antioxidants that inhibit lipid peroxidation in LDL should limit atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In this review, we will evaluate the current literature involving antioxidants and vascular . . .
1,374 citations
"Germinated brown rice and its role ..." refers background in this paper
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: It is concluded that insulin resistance and its associated abnormalities are of utmost importance in the pathogenesis of NIDDM, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.
Abstract: The ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake varies widely from person to person, and these differences, as well as how the individual attempts to compensate for them, are of fundamental importance in the development and clinical course of what are often designated as diseases of Western civilization. Evidence is presented that non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) results from a failure on the part of pancreatic beta-cells to compensate adequately for the defect in insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals. In addition, a coherent formulation of the physiological changes that lead from the defect in cellular insulin action to the loss in glucose homeostasis is presented. However, the ability to maintain the degree of compensatory hyperinsulinemia necessary to prevent loss of glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant individuals does not represent an unqualified homeostatic victory. In contrast, evidence is presented supporting the view that the combination of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia predisposes to the development of a cluster of abnormalities, including some degree of glucose intolerance, an increase in plasma triglyceride and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, high blood pressure, hyperuricemia, smaller denser low-density lipoprotein particles, and higher circulating levels of plaminogen activator inhibitor 1. The cluster of changes associated with insulin resistance has been said to comprise syndrome X, and all of the manifestations of syndrome X have been shown to increase risk of coronary heart disease. Thus it is concluded that insulin resistance and its associated abnormalities are of utmost importance in the pathogenesis of NIDDM, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.
1,210 citations
"Germinated brown rice and its role ..." refers background in this paper
[...]