Gibberellic acid mediated induction of salt tolerance in wheat plants: Growth, ionic partitioning, photosynthesis, yield and hormonal homeostasis
TL;DR: Physiologically, GA3-priming-induced increase in grain yield was attributed to the GA2-primed-induced modulation of ions uptake and partitioning and hormones homeostasis under saline conditions.
About: This article is published in Environmental and Experimental Botany.The article was published on 2013-02-01. It has received 268 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Shoot & Cultivar.
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TL;DR: Current progress is exemplified by the identification and validation of several significant genes that enhanced crops tolerance to salinity, while missing links on different aspects of phytohormone related salinity tolerance are pointed out.
Abstract: Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses in nature and exhibit unique and complex responses to these stresses depending on their degree of plasticity involving many morphological, cellular, anatomical, and physiological changes. Phytohormones are known to play vital roles in the ability of plants to acclimatize to varying environments, by mediating growth, development, source/sink transitions and nutrient allocation. These signal molecules are produced within the plant, and also referred as plant growth regulators. Although plant response to salinity depends on several factors; nevertheless, phytohormones are thought to be the most important endogenous substances that are critical in modulating physiological responses that eventually lead to adaptation to salinity. Response usually involves fluctuations in the levels of several phytohormones, which relates with changes in expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis and the responses they regulate. Present review described the potential role of different phytohormones and their balances against salinity stress and summarized the research progress regarding plant responses towards salinity at physiological and molecular levels. We emphasized the role of abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, ethylene and triazoles in mediating plant responses and discussed their crosstalk at various baseline pathways transduced by these phytohormones under salinity. Current progress is exemplified by the identification and validation of several significant genes that enhanced crops tolerance to salinity, while missing links on different aspects of phytohormone related salinity tolerance are pointed out. Deciphering mechanisms by which plant perceives salinity and trigger the signal transduction cascades via phytohormones is vital to devise salinity related breeding and transgenic approaches.
542 citations
Cites background from "Gibberellic acid mediated induction..."
...Seed priming with different sources of auxins (IAA, IBA and tryptophane) effectively diminished the negative implications of salt stress on endogenous ABA concentration in salt-intolerant wheat cultivar (Iqbal and Ashraf 2013b)....
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...Recent work of Iqbal and Ashraf (2013a) reported a non-consistent effect of GA3 priming (150 mg L -1) on auxin concentration in salt-tolerant and -intolerant wheat genotypes....
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...…application of phytohormones has been proposed as a pragmatic approach to cope with salt stress (Iqbal et al. 2012) and implicated in a number of studies with a fair degree of success in alleviating adverse effect of salinity (Sharma et al. 2013; Iqbal and Ashraf 2013a, b; Amjad et al. 2014)....
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...The GA3-priming-induced modulation of ions uptake and partitioning (within shoots and roots) and hormonal homeostasis under salinity; nevertheless, homeostasis of this hormone itself is still unclear (Iqbal et al. 2011; Iqbal and Ashraf 2013a, b; Fahad et al. 2014)....
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TL;DR: Two endophytes significantly reprogrammed the growth of host plants during stress conditions and mitigated stress by compromising the activities of reduced glutathione, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.
Abstract: We isolated and examined two endophytic fungi for their potential to secrete phytohormones viz. gibberellins (GAs) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) and mitigate abiotic stresses like salinity and drought. The endophytic fungi Phoma glomerata LWL2 and Penicillium sp. LWL3 significantly promoted the shoot and allied growth attributes of GAs-deficient dwarf mutant Waito-C and Dongjin-beyo rice. Analysis of the pure cultures of these endophytic fungi showed biologically active GAs (GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7) in various quantities. The cultures of P. glomerata and Penicillium sp. also contained IAA. The culture application and endophytic-association with host-cucumber plants significantly increased the plant biomass and related growth parameters under sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol induced salinity and drought stress as compared to control plants. The endophytic symbiosis resulted in significantly higher assimilation of essential nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium as compared to control plants during salinity stress. Endophytic-association reduced the sodium toxicity and promoted the host-benefit ratio in cucumber plants as compared to non-inoculated control plants. The symbiotic-association mitigated stress by compromising the activities of reduced glutathione, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Under stress conditions, the endophyte-infection significantly modulated stress through down-regulated abscisic acid, altered jasmonic acid, and elevated salicylic acid contents as compared to control. In conclusion, the two endophytes significantly reprogrammed the growth of host plants during stress conditions.
468 citations
Cites background from "Gibberellic acid mediated induction..."
...Salt and drought stress inhibits growth, start senescence and causes death in response to prolonged exposure [37,38]....
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TL;DR: This review highlights important plant morpho-physiological traits that can be exploited to identify the positive effects of phytohormones on stress tolerance, and will be helpful to plant physiologists and agricultural microbiologists in designing strategies and tools for the development of broad spectrum microbial inoculants supporting sustainable crop production under hostile environments.
Abstract: Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and morphology of plants through defects in the genetic regulation of cellular pathways. Plants employ several tolerance mechanisms and pathways to avert the effects of stresses that are triggered whenever alterations in metabolism are encountered. Phytohormones are among the most important growth regulators; they are known for having a prominent impact on plant metabolism, and additionally, they play a vital role in the stimulation of plant defence response mechanisms against stresses. Exogenous phytohormone supplementation has been adopted to improve growth and metabolism under stress conditions. Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones produced by root-associated microbes may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for inducing host tolerance to abiotic stresses. Phytohormone biosynthetic pathways have been identified using several genetic and biochemical methods, and numerous reviews are currently available on this topic. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of phytohormones involved in the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance and defence response in plants exposed to different stressors. We focus on recent successes in identifying the roles of microbial phytohormones that induce stress tolerance, especially in crop plants. In doing so, this review highlights important plant morpho-physiological traits that can be exploited to identify the positive effects of phytohormones on stress tolerance. This review will therefore be helpful to plant physiologists and agricultural microbiologists in designing strategies and tools for the development of broad spectrum microbial inoculants supporting sustainable crop production under hostile environments.
380 citations
Cites background from "Gibberellic acid mediated induction..."
...Islam et al. (2016) reported that Cr toxicity significantly inhibited maize growth, negatively affecting its physiological processes, such as photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate metabolism, and increasing its levels of proline, H2O2, and MDA....
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01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This chapter attempts to summarize differential responses of plants to salinity with special reference to growth, physiology and yield and discusses the progress made in using exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages in plants.
Abstract: Plants are frequently exposed to a plethora of unfavorable or even adverse environmental conditions, termed as abiotic stresses (such as salinity, drought, heat, cold, flooding, heavy metals, ozone, UV radiation, etc.) and thus they pose serious threats to the sustainability of crop yield. Soil salinity, one of the most severe abiotic stresses, limits the production of about 6 % of the world’s total land and 20 % of irrigated land (17 % of total cultivated areas) and negatively affects crop production worldwide. On the other hand, increased salinity of agricultural land is expected to have destructive global effects, resulting in up to 50 % land loss by the next couple of decades. The adverse effects of salinity have been ascribed mainly to an increase in sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) ions and hence these ions produce the critical conditions for plant survival by intercepting different plant mechanisms. Both Na+ and Cl– produce many physiological disorders in plants but Cl– is the most dangerous. A plant’s response to salt stress depends on the genotype, developmental stage, as well as the intensity and duration of the stress. Increased salinity has diverse effects on the physiology of plants grown in saline conditions and in response to major factors like osmotic stress, ion-specificity, nutritional and hormonal imbalance, and oxidative damage. In addition to upper plant parts, salinity also affects root growth and physiology and their function in nutrient uptake. The outcome of these effects may cause the disorganization of cellular membranes, inhibit photosynthesis, generate toxic metabolites and decline nutrient absorption, ultimately leading to plant death. In recent decades, exogenous protectants such as osmoprotectants, phytohormones, signaling molecules, polyamines, antioxidants and various trace elements have been found effective in plants in mitigating the salt induced damages. These protectants showed the capacity to enhance the plants’ growth, yield as well as stress tolerance under salinity. In this chapter we attempt to summarize differential responses of plants to salinity with special reference to growth, physiology and yield. Further, we have discussed the progress made in using exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages in plants.
376 citations
Cites background from "Gibberellic acid mediated induction..."
...Iqbal and Ashraf ( 2010 ) hypothesized that pre-sowing treatment with GA 3 could modulate growth by interacting with other endogenous plant hormones....
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...GA 3 -priming-induced increase in T. aestivum grain yield was attributed to the GA 3 -priming-induced modulation of ions uptake and partitioning (within shoots and roots) and hormones homeostasis under saline conditions (Iqbal and Ashraf 2010 ) ....
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...Recently, Iqbal and Ashraf ( 2010 ) reported that increased grain yield in Triticum aestivum was attributed to the GA 3 -priming-induced modu- lation of ions uptake and partitioning (within shoots and roots) and hormones homeostasis under saline conditions....
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TL;DR: The PGPR application might be used in marginalized agricultural lands to increase crop productivity because of its ameliorative effects on biomass and chlorophyll contents under salinity and drought stress.
Abstract: We assessed the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains viz. Burkholdera cepacia SE4, Promicromonospora sp. SE188 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SE370 in counteracting salinity and drought stress to cucumber plants. The control plants had stunted growth, while PGPR-treated plants had significantly higher biomass and chlorophyll contents under salinity and drought stress. The ameliorative effects of PGPR-application were also evidenced by the increased water potential and decreased electrolytic leakage. The PGPR-applied plants had reduced sodium ion concentration, while the potassium and phosphorus were abundantly present as compared to control under stress. Oxidative stress was mitigated by PGPR through reduced activities of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total polyphenol as compared to control. The control plants showed up-regulation of stress-responsive abscisic acid as compared to PGPR application, while salicylic acid and gibberellin 4 were significantly higher in P...
335 citations
Cites background or result from "Gibberellic acid mediated induction..."
...A similar trend has also been observed in other researchers (Hamayun et al. 2010; Iqbal & Ashraf 2013)....
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...Similarly, some reports elucidated low level of ABA contents after exogenous GA3 (Hamayun et al. 2010; Iqbal & Ashraf 2013) in NaCl induced salinity stress....
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...While the exogenous phytohormones have already been identified to ameliorate plant growth and development during abiotic stresses (Hamayun et al. 2010; Iqbal & Ashraf 2013; Kang et al. 2014)....
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References
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1,137 citations
"Gibberellic acid mediated induction..." refers background in this paper
...GA3-mediated increase in the number of grains per ear on mainstem can be explained in view of the findings of Davies (1995) and Magome et al....
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