Glacial geomorphology of the Tweedsmuir Hills, Central Southern Uplands, Scotland

doi:10.1080/17445647.2014.886492

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Glacial geomorphology of the Tweedsmuir Hills, Central Southern Uplands, Scotland

Journal Article•DOI•

Glacial geomorphology of the Tweedsmuir Hills, Central Southern Uplands, Scotland

Danielle Pearce¹, Brice R. Rea², Tom Bradwell³, Derek McDougall¹•Institutions (3)

University of Worcester¹, University of Aberdeen², British Geological Survey³

10 Mar 2014-Journal of Maps (Taylor and Francis)-Vol. 10, Iss: 3, pp 457-465

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the first systematic glacial geomorphological assessment of the Tweedsmuir Hills, covering approximately 300 km2 with the map designed to be presented at A0.

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Abstract: The Quaternary glacial history of the Tweedsmuir Hills, Central Southern Uplands, Scotland, has received little attention since the 1980s, with earlier studies focussing on single lines of geomorphic evidence in isolated valleys. This study presents the first systematic glacial geomorphological assessment of the region, covering approximately 300 km2 with the map designed to be presented at A0. Mapping from remotely sensed imagery and field investigation reveal a large number of moraines and meltwater channels, both within valleys and occasionally extending to the plateau, alongside a range of peri- and para-glacial features, including solifluction lobes, alluvial fans, debris cones, river terraces and rock slope failures. Aspects of the mapped geomorphology are consistent with plateau icefield landsystems mapped elsewhere in Britain and this will hopefully form the basis for palaeoglaciological reconstructions which will improve our understanding of the extent and dynamics of former ice masses in the region.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Glacial geomorphological mapping: A review of approaches and frameworks for best practice

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Benjamin M. P. Chandler¹, Harold Lovell², Clare M. Boston², Sven Lukas, Iestyn D. Barr³, Ívar Örn Benediktsson⁴, Douglas I. Benn⁵, Chris D. Clark⁶, Christopher M. Darvill⁷, David J.A. Evans⁸, Marek Ewertowski⁹, David Loibl¹⁰, Martin Margold¹¹, Jan-Christoph Otto¹², David H. Roberts⁸, Chris R. Stokes⁸, Robert D. Storrar¹³, Arjen P. Stroeven¹⁴ - Show less +14 more•Institutions (14)

Queen Mary University of London¹, University of Portsmouth², Manchester Metropolitan University³, University of Iceland⁴, University of St Andrews⁵, University of Sheffield⁶, University of Manchester⁷, Durham University⁸, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań⁹, Humboldt University of Berlin¹⁰, Charles University in Prague¹¹, University of Salzburg¹², Sheffield Hallam University¹³, Stockholm University¹⁴

01 Oct 2018-Earth-Science Reviews

TL;DR: A review and assessment of the various glacial geomorphological methods and datasets currently available, with a focus on their applicability in particular glacial settings is provided in this article.

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142 citations

Cites background or methods from "Glacial geomorphology of the Tweeds..."

...For larger landforms, or those masked by forest, walking around the perimeter of landforms and establishing a GNSS-marked ‘waypoint-trail’ is a good first approximation....
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...…may be difficult to identify glacial landforms produced by relatively small ice masses (cirque glaciers, valley glaciers and icefield outlets), precluding detailed mapping of their planforms (cf. Smith et al., 2006; Hughes et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2011a; Boston, 2012a, b; Pearce et al., 2014)....
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...This methodology provides a robust approach to mapping that has been broadly used in previous studies (e.g. Benn and Ballantyne, 2005; Lukas and Lukas, 2006; Kjær et al., 2008; Boston, 2012a, b; Brynjólfsson et al., 2014; Jónsson et al., 2014; Pearce et al., 2014; Schomacker et al., 2014; Chandler et al., 2016a; Chandler and Lukas, 2017)....
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...…and used for glacial geomorphological mapping (e.g. Brown et al., 2011a; Bradwell et al., 2013; Brynjólfsson et al., 2014; Jónsson et al., 2014; Pearce et al., 2014; Schomacker et al., 2014; Chandler et al., 2016a; Evans et al., 2016c; Lardeux et al., 2015; Lønne, 2016; Allaart et al., 2018)....
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...If a handheld GNSS device is used to locate landforms in the field, the positional accuracy is usually restricted to several metres and related to three factors: (i) the quality of the device (e.g. antenna, number of channels, ability to use more than one GNSS); (ii) the position of satellites; and (iii) the characteristics of the surrounding landscapes and space weather (solar activity can affect signal quality)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Characteristics of recessional moraines at a temperate glacier in SE Iceland: Insights into patterns, rates and drivers of glacier retreat

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Benjamin M. P. Chandler¹, David J.A. Evans¹, David H. Roberts¹•Institutions (1)

Durham University¹

01 Mar 2016-Quaternary Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined recent patterns, rates and drivers of ice-frontal retreat at Skalafellsjokull, SE Iceland, using small-scale recessional moraines as a geomorphological proxy.

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56 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Glacial geomorphology of the Skálafellsjökull foreland, Iceland: A case study of ‘annual’ moraines

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Benjamin M. P. Chandler¹, David J.A. Evans¹, David H. Roberts¹, Marek Ewertowski¹, Alexander I. Clayton² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Durham University¹, University of Southampton²

19 Oct 2016-Journal of Maps

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present detailed glacial geomorphological maps of recessional push moraines on the foreland of Skalafellsjokull, SE Iceland.

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Abstract: Small-scale recessional push moraines are a characteristic signature of the active temperate glacial landsystem, and are often clearly linked to annual re-advances. These recessional push moraines represent a potentially valuable terrestrial climate archive, and may provide valuable insights into glacier dynamics. This paper presents detailed glacial geomorphological maps of recessional push moraines on the foreland of Skalafellsjokull, SE Iceland. Geomorphological maps have been produced at a scale of 1:3750 based on 2006 aerial photographs and 2012 satellite imagery. Using unmanned aerial vehicle-captured imagery, large-scale sample mapping of two selected areas of the glacier foreland has also been conducted, with the maps reproduced as A4-sized figures at scales of ∼1:2500 and ∼1:2000, respectively. Desk- and field-based mapping reveals suites of recessional push moraines distributed across the glacier foreland, often found in close association with flutings. Moraines on the foreland typically...

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35 citations

Cites methods from "Glacial geomorphology of the Tweeds..."

...…2012; Bradwell et al., 2013; Brynjólfsson, Schomacker, & Ingólfsson, 2014; Darvill, Stokes, Bentley, & Lovell, 2014; Evans, Ewertowski, &Orton, 2015; Evans, Young,&ÓCofaigh, 2014; Jónsson, Schomacker, Benediktsson, Ingólfsson, & Johnson, 2014; Pearce et al., 2014; Reinardy, Leighton, & Marx, 2013)....
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...In order to enhance the accuracy of mapping and reduce errors which may arise from misinterpretation of features, examination of the remote sensing data was conducted both prior to and after the field investigations (cf. Boston, 2012; Lukas & Lukas, 2006; Pearce et al., 2014)....
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...Displaying the DEM data as hillshaded relief models with differing azimuths avoids azimuth bias and permits geomorphological features to be viewed under different lighting conditions, which can increase the visibility of subtle landforms (Pearce et al., 2014; Smith & Clark, 2005)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain : a review.

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H. L. Bickerdike, David J.A. Evans, Chris R. Stokes, Colm Ó Cofaigh

01 Jan 2018-Journal of Quaternary Science

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically review the glacial geomorphological evidence of the Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS; Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain.

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Abstract: This paper systematically reviews the glacial geomorphological evidence of the Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS; Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain (12.9–11.7 ka). The geomorphology of sub-regions within Scotland, England and Wales is assessed, providing the most comprehensive synthesis of this evidence to date. The contrasting nature of the evidence at the local scale is reviewed and conceptual themes common to multiple sub-regions are examined. Advancements in glaciological theory, mapping technologies, numerical modelling and dating have been applied unevenly to localities across Britain, inhibiting a holistic understanding of the extent and dynamics of the LLS glaciation at a regional scale. The quantity and quality of evidence is highly uneven, leading to uncertainties regarding the extent of glaciation and inhibiting detailed analysis of ice dynamics and chronology. Robust dates are relatively scarce, making it difficult to confidently identify the limits of LLS glaciers and assess their synchroneity. Numerical models have allowed the glacier–climate relationships of the LLS to be assessed but have, thus far, been unable to incorporate local conditions which influenced glaciation. Recommendations for future research are made that will allow refined reconstructions of the LLS in Britain and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of glacier–climate interactions during the Younger Dryas.

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32 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Glacial landsystems, retreat dynamics and controls on Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain.

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Hannah L. Bickerdike¹, Colm Ó Cofaigh¹, David J.A. Evans¹, Chris R. Stokes¹•Institutions (1)

Durham University¹

01 Jan 2018-Boreas

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used geomorphology relating to the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) in Britain to construct five glacial landsystem models.

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Abstract: Glacial geomorphology relating to the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) in Britain is used to construct five glacial landsystem models. These landsystems lie on a continuum of increasing ice thickness and decreasing topographic control and typify the principal styles of glaciation during the stadial. The landsystems comprise: the cirque/niche glacier landsystem, the alpine icefield landsystem, the lowland piedmont lobe landsystem, the plateau icefield landsystem and the icecap landsystem. Geomorphological features representing the icecap landsystem are present only at the centre of the West Highland Glacier Complex, which was flanked primarily by satellite alpine and plateau icefields. The cirque/niche glacier landsystem was present predominantly in areas that experienced conditions only marginally favourable for glacier development at peripheral sites. Three styles of glacier retreat are recorded by the geomorphology: active, two-phase and uninterrupted retreat. Of these, active retreat appears to be most widespread within the Loch Lomond Stadial limits. These retreat styles reflect a combination of climatic and topographic conditions, coupled with local factors influencing the preservation of landforms from which retreat dynamics can be inferred. Likewise, the distribution of landsystems was influenced by an interplay between topography and climate, with glacier formation being facilitated in locations where topographical conditions aided in the accumulation of snow. The pattern also supports the existence of previously recognized northward and eastward precipitation gradients across Britain during the stadial.

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32 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination

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Sune Olander Rasmussen¹, Katrine Krogh Andersen¹, Anders Svensson¹, Jørgen Peder Steffensen¹, Bo Møllesøe Vinther¹, Henrik Clausen¹, Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen¹, Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen², Sigfus J Johnsen¹, L. B. Larsen¹, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen¹, M. Bigler¹, M. Bigler³, Regine Röthlisberger³, Regine Röthlisberger⁴, Hubertus Fischer², Kumiko Goto-Azuma⁵, Margareta Hansson⁶, Urs Ruth² - Show less +15 more•Institutions (6)

University of Copenhagen¹, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research², University of Bern³, British Antarctic Survey⁴, National Institute of Polar Research⁵, Stockholm University⁶

27 Mar 2006-Journal of Geophysical Research

TL;DR: In this paper, a new common stratigraphic timescale for the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) and GRIP ice cores is presented, which covers the period 7.9-14.8 kyr before present and includes the Bolling, Allerod, Younger Dryas, and early Holocene periods.

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Abstract: [1] We present a new common stratigraphic timescale for the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) and GRIP ice cores. The timescale covers the period 7.9–14.8 kyr before present and includes the Bolling, Allerod, Younger Dryas, and early Holocene periods. We use a combination of new and previously published data, the most prominent being new high-resolution Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) impurity records from the NGRIP ice core. Several investigators have identified and counted annual layers using a multiparameter approach, and the maximum counting error is estimated to be up to 2% in the Holocene part and about 3% for the older parts. These counting error estimates reflect the number of annual layers that were hard to interpret, but not a possible bias in the set of rules used for annual layer identification. As the GRIP and NGRIP ice cores are not optimal for annual layer counting in the middle and late Holocene, the timescale is tied to a prominent volcanic event inside the 8.2 kyr cold event, recently dated in the DYE-3 ice core to 8236 years before A. D. 2000 (b2k) with a maximum counting error of 47 years. The new timescale dates the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition to 11,703 b2k, which is 100–150 years older than according to the present GRIP and NGRIP timescales. The age of the transition matches the GISP2 timescale within a few years, but viewed over the entire 7.9–14.8 kyr section, there are significant differences between the new timescale and the GISP2 timescale. The transition from the glacial into the Bolling interstadial is dated to 14,692 b2k. The presented timescale is a part of a new Greenland ice core chronology common to the DYE-3, GRIP, and NGRIP ice cores, named the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05). The annual layer thicknesses are observed to be log-normally distributed with good approximation, and compared to the early Holocene, the mean accumulation rates in the Younger Dryas and Bolling periods are found to be 47 ± 2% and 88 ± 2%, respectively.

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1,789 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet

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Chris D. Clark¹, Anna L.C. Hughes², Sarah L. Greenwood³, Colm Jordan⁴, Hans Petter Sejrup⁵ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (5)

University of Sheffield¹, Swansea University², Stockholm University³, British Geological Survey⁴, University of Bergen⁵

21 Jun 2012-Quaternary Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reconstruct the demise of the British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) and present palaeo-glaciological maps of retreat stages between 27 and 15 ka BP.

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471 citations

"Glacial geomorphology of the Tweeds..." refers background in this paper

...27 ka BP; Clark et al., 2012; Geikie, 1863; May, 1981; Young, 1864). Glacial landforms in the area were initially documented by Chambers (1855) with subsequent research predominantly focussed on the southern sector (Brown, 1868; Geikie, 1863; Lewis, 1905; May, 1981; Price, 1961, 1963, 1983; Sissons, 1979; Young, 1864)....
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...Meltwater channels Numerous lateral meltwater channels have been identified at lower altitudes (c. 250 to 450 m) following the criteria of Greenwood, Clark, and Hughes (2007)....
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...27 ka BP; Clark et al., 2012; Geikie, 1863; May, 1981; Young, 1864). Glacial landforms in the area were initially documented by Chambers (1855) with subsequent research predominantly focussed on the southern sector (Brown, 1868; Geikie, 1863; Lewis, 1905; May, 1981; Price, 1961, 1963, 1983; Sissons, 1979; Young, 1864). However, published research is inconsistent and contradictory, with Price (1963) reconstructing a plateau icefield, whilst May (1981) infers a restricted glaciation with only three valley glaciers occupying the area....
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...The valleys contain suites of glacial landforms, thought to be associated with a separate, later stage of glaciation (Younger Dryas; c. 12.9–11.7 ka b2 k (before 2000); Rasmussen et al., 2006) subsequent to the Last Glacial Maximum in Britain (LGM; c. 27 ka BP; Clark et al., 2012; Geikie, 1863; May, 1981; Young, 1864)....
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...250 to 450 m) following the criteria of Greenwood, Clark, and Hughes (2007). They possess oblique down-slope profiles parallel to the valley sides and their overall pattern formed flights of discontinuous, lateral channels, noticeable on NEXTMap from the successive negative features on the valley sides....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping

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Michael Smith¹, Chris D. Clark²•Institutions (2)

Kingston University¹, University of Sheffield²

01 Jul 2005-Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

TL;DR: A variety of techniques that can visualize a DEM are described and curvature visualization is recommended for initial mapping as this provides a non-illuminated (and therefore unbiased) image and no single visualization method provides complete and unbiased mapping.

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Abstract: Digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly used for landform mapping, particularly with the growing availability of national and global datasets. In this paper we describe a variety of techniques that can visualize a DEM. We then compare five techniques to ascertain which performs the most complete and unbiased visualization. We assess the visualization techniques by comparing landforms mapped from them against a detailed morphological map (derived from mapping of multi-azimuth relief-shaded DEMs cross-checked with stereo aerial photographs). Results show that no single visualization method provides complete and unbiased mapping. The relief-shaded visualizations are particularly prone to azimuth biasing, although they can highlight subtle landforms. We recommend curvature visualization for initial mapping as this provides a non-illuminated (and therefore unbiased) image. Initial mapping can then be supplemented with data from relief-shaded visualizations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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276 citations

"Glacial geomorphology of the Tweeds..." refers methods in this paper

...These settings have been used in extensive glacial mapping programmes and are suggested to be optimal for visualisation (Boston, 2012; Hughes, Clark, & Jorden, 2010; Smith & Clark, 2005)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British-Irish ice sheet

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Alun Hubbard, Tom Bradwell¹, Nicholas R. Golledge¹, Adrian M. Hall², Henry Patton³, David E. Sugden², Rhys Cooper¹, Martyn S. Stoker¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (3)

British Geological Survey¹, University of Edinburgh², Aberystwyth University³

01 Apr 2009-Quaternary Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, a suite of forward transient numerical modeling experiments of the British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS), consisting of Scottish, Welsh and Irish accumulation centres, spanning the last Glacial period from 38 to 10 ka BP, are presented.

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251 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Evolution of Scotland's Scenery

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C. A. M. King, J. B. Sissons

01 Jun 1968-The Geographical Journal

228 citations