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Glare: History of the Development of a New Aircraft Material
01 Jan 2001-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a timeline of the development of the A380 from A3XX to A380, from the birth of Arall to the end of the 1990s.
Abstract: Preface. Prologue. 1. The Birth of Arall (1945-1981). 2. Arall Takes to the Air (1981-1988). 3. Toward Glare, Fuselages and the U.S. (1988-1997). 4. Glare in Europe - a long, long runway (1988-1997). 5. The end of the beginning - from A3XX to A380 (1996-2001). Epilogue. Appendix.
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TL;DR: A brief overview of the history of Fibre Metal Laminates Arall and Glare is given as background information for the other, technical articles in this journal as mentioned in this paper, which is a good moment to tell some of its history.
Abstract: In this paper a brief overview of the history of Fibre Metal Laminates Arall and Glare is given as background information for the other, technical articles in this journal. The story of the development of Fibre Metal Laminates is rather a unique story in the history of aircraft materials: A university laboratory invented, developed and certified an aircraft material. Many parties were involved naturally, yet the very heart of the activity was the Structures and Materials Laboratory of the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands. At the break of the world's largest passenger transport aircraft, the Airbus A380, in which a substantial part of the fuselage will be made of Glare, the glass fibre-aluminium version of Fibre Metal Laminates, it is a good moment to tell some of its history.
222 citations
TL;DR: A retrospective longitudinal case study of the network system that developed a novel aircraft material is presented and change episodes are analyzed from a structurationist perspective to advance a cross-level perspective on embeddedness.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate how interorganizational networks and interpersonal networks interact over time. We present a retrospective longitudinal case study of the network system that developed a novel aircraft material and analyze change episodes from a structurationist perspective. We identify five types of episodes in which interpersonal and interorganizational networks interact (persistence, prospecting, consolidation, reconfiguration, and dissolution) and analyze conditions for these episodes and sequences among them. Our findings advance a cross-level perspective on embeddedness and show how individuals may draw on relational and structural embeddedness as distributed resources. The multiple levels of embeddedness impact network dynamics by introducing converging and diverging dialectics, thereby limiting path dependence and proactive network orchestration.
122 citations
Cites background from "Glare: History of the Development o..."
...11 Besides interviews, other important sources of data were, first, a number of technical books on Glare and reconstructions of the Glare development, especially Vlot (2001), Vlot and Gunnink (2001), Vermeeren (2002) and Vogelesang (2003)....
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...Our initial sources to identify key informants were a first contact at Stork Fokker (which produces Glare for the Airbus A380) along with the documentation of the Glare history in Vlot (2001)....
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...In order to achieve this, Vogelesang wrote to Evancho at Alcoa (Vlot 2001: 96): It was for us very painful to hear from you that some people at Alcoa are feeling themselves betrayed by us....
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TL;DR: In this article, the application of magnesium alloys in Fibre Metal Laminates is discussed, and the effect of the properties on the overall FML behavior has been addressed, using knowledge and prediction models developed for current FMLs.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a lay-up process for fibre metal laminate for the manufacturing of very large skin panels by layup techniques, which is a hybrid material consisting of alternating layers of metal sheets and composite layers requiring special attention when manufacturing of parts and structures.
Abstract: GLARE is a hybrid material consisting of alternating layers of metal sheets and composite layers, requiring special attention when manufacturing of parts and structures is concerned. On one hand the applicable manufacturing processes for GLARE are limited, on the other hand, due to the constituents and composition of the laminate, it offers new opportunities for production. One of the opportunities is the manufacture of very large skin panels by lay-up techniques. Lay-up techniques are common for full composites, but uncommon for metallic structures. Nevertheless, large GLARE skin panels are made by lay-up processes. In addition, the sequences of forming and laminating processes, that can be selected, offer manufacturing options that are not applicable to metals or full composites. With respect to conventional manufacturing processes, the possibilities for Fibre Metal Laminates in general, are limited. The limits are partly due to the different failure modes, partly due to the properties of the constituents in the laminate. For machining processes: the wear of the cutting tools during machining operations of GLARE stems from the abrasive nature of the glass fibres. For the forming processes: the limited formability, expressed by a small failure strain, is related to the glass fibres. However, although these manufacturing issues may restrict the use of manufacturing processes for FMLs, application of these laminates in aircraft is not hindered.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an application of Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) for simulation of delamination in fiber metal laminates is presented, where the authors consider a double cantilever beam made of fiber metal laminate in which crack opening in mode I and crack propagation were studied.
96 citations
Cites background from "Glare: History of the Development o..."
...Vlot and Gunnink [1] pointed out that the adhesive bonding across the aluminium/composite interface has a much higher ultimate interface strength than the transition zone between fibre rich and resin rich zones of the composite....
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