Global Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Reduced GFR
Bernadette Thomas,Bernadette Thomas,Kunihiro Matsushita,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Ziyad Al-Aly,Johan Ärnlöv,Johan Ärnlöv,Kei Asayama,Robert C. Atkins,Alaa Badawi,Alaa Badawi,Shoshana H. Ballew,Amitava Banerjee,Lars Barregard,Elizabeth Barrett-Connor,Sanjay Basu,Aminu K. Bello,Isabela M. Benseñor,Jaclyn Bergstrom,Boris Bikbov,Christopher D. Blosser,Hermann Brenner,Juan Jesus Carrero,Steve Chadban,Steve Chadban,Massimo Cirillo,Monica Cortinovis,Karen J. Courville,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Kara Estep,João C. Fernandes,Florian Fischer,Caroline S. Fox,Ron T. Gansevoort,Philimon Gona,Orlando M. Gutiérrez,Samer Hamidi,Sarah Wulf Hanson,Jonathan Himmelfarb,Simerjot K. Jassal,Sun Ha Jee,Vivekanand Jha,Vivekanand Jha,Aida Jimenez-Corona,Jost B. Jonas,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Pascal Kengne,Yousef Khader,Young-Ho Khang,Yun Jin Kim,Barbara E.K. Klein,Ronald Klein,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Dhaval Kolte,Kristine E. Lee,Andrew S. Levey,Yongmei Li,Paulo A. Lotufo,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Walter Mendoza,Hirohito Metoki,Yejin Mok,Isao Muraki,Paul Muntner,Hiroyuki Noda,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Alberto Ortiz,Norberto Perico,Kevan R. Polkinghorne,Kevan R. Polkinghorne,Rajaa Al-Radaddi,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Gregory A. Roth,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Michihiro Satoh,Kai-Uwe Saum,Monika Sawhney,Ben Schöttker,Anoop Shankar,Michael G. Shlipak,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Hideaki Toyoshima,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Mitsumasa Umesawa,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,David G. Warnock,Andrea Werdecker,Kazumasa Yamagishi,Yuichiro Yano,Naohiro Yonemoto,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Mohsen Naghavi,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Christopher J L Murray,Josef Coresh,Theo Vos +101 more
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TLDR
By 2013, cardiovascular deaths attributed to reduced G FR outnumbered ESRD deaths throughout the world, and reduced GFR ranked below high systolic BP, high body mass index, and high fasting plasma glucose as a risk factor for disability-adjusted life years in both developed and developing world regions.Abstract:
The burden of premature death and health loss from ESRD is well described. Less is known regarding the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to reduced GFR. We estimated the prevalence of reduced GFR categories 3, 4, and 5 (not on RRT) for 188 countries at six time points from 1990 to 2013. Relative risks of cardiovascular outcomes by three categories of reduced GFR were calculated by pooled random effects meta-analysis. Results are presented as deaths for outcomes of cardiovascular disease and ESRD and as disability-adjusted life years for outcomes of cardiovascular disease, GFR categories 3, 4, and 5, and ESRD. In 2013, reduced GFR was associated with 4% of deaths worldwide, or 2.2 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 2.0 to 2.4 million). More than half of these attributable deaths were cardiovascular deaths (1.2 million; 95% UI, 1.1 to 1.4 million), whereas 0.96 million (95% UI, 0.81 to 1.0 million) were ESRD-related deaths. Compared with metabolic risk factors, reduced GFR ranked below high systolic BP, high body mass index, and high fasting plasma glucose, and similarly with high total cholesterol as a risk factor for disability-adjusted life years in both developed and developing world regions. In conclusion, by 2013, cardiovascular deaths attributed to reduced GFR outnumbered ESRD deaths throughout the world. Studies are needed to evaluate the benefit of early detection of CKD and treatment to decrease these deaths.read more
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Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Boris Bikbov,Caroline A. Purcell,Andrew S. Levey,Mari Smith,Amir Abdoli,Molla Abebe,Oladimeji Adebayo,Mohsen Afarideh,Sanjay K. Agarwal,Marcela Agudelo-Botero,Elham Ahmadian,Ziyad Al-Aly,Vahid Alipour,Amir Almasi-Hashiani,Rajaa Al-Raddadi,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Saeed Amini,Tudorel Andrei,Catalina Liliana Andrei,Zewudu Andualem,Mina Anjomshoa,Jalal Arabloo,Alebachew Fasil Ashagre,Daniel Asmelash,Zerihun Ataro,Maha Atout,Martin Amogre Ayanore,Alaa Badawi,Ahad Bakhtiari,Shoshana H. Ballew,Abbas Balouchi,Maciej Banach,Simón Barquera,Sanjay Basu,Mulat Tirfie Bayih,Neeraj Bedi,Aminu K. Bello,Isabela M. Benseñor,Ali Bijani,Archith Boloor,Antonio Maria Borzì,Luis Camera,Juan Jesus Carrero,Félix Carvalho,Franz Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Alex R. Chang,Ken Lee Chin,Sheng Chia Chung,Massimo Cirillo,Ewerton Cousin,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Ahmad Daryani,Rajat Das Gupta,Feleke Mekonnen Demeke,Gebre Teklemariam Demoz,Desilu Mahari Desta,Huyen Phuc Do,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Aziz Eftekhari,Alireza Esteghamati,Syeda Sadia Fatima,João C. Fernandes,Eduarda Fernandes,Florian Fischer,Marisa Freitas,Mohamed M. Gad,Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel,Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie,Birhanu Geta,Mansour Ghafourifard,Alireza Ghajar,Nermin Ghith,Paramjit Gill,Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi,Rajeev Gupta,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Arvin Haj-Mirzaian,Arya Haj-Mirzaian,Ninuk Hariyani,Mehedi Hasan,Milad Hasankhani,Amir Hasanzadeh,Hamid Yimam Hassen,Simon I. Hay,Behnam Heidari,Claudiu Herteliu,Chi Linh Hoang,Mostafa Hosseini,Mihaela Hostiuc,Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani,Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam,Nader Jafari Balalami,Spencer L. James,Simerjot K. Jassal,Vivekanand Jha,Jost B. Jonas,Farahnaz Joukar,Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak,Ali Kabir,Amaha Kahsay,Amir Kasaeian,Tesfaye Dessale Kassa,Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye,Yousef Khader,Rovshan Khalilov,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Mohammad Saud Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Adnan Kisa,Csaba P. Kovesdy,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,G Anil Kumar,Anders Larsson,Lee Ling Lim,Alan D. Lopez,Paulo A. Lotufo,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Winfried März,Anthony Masaka,Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu,Tomasz Miazgowski,Andreea Mirica,Erkin M. Mirrakhimov,Prasanna Mithra,Babak Moazen,Dara K. Mohammad,Reza Mohammadpourhodki,Shafiu Mohammed,Ali H. Mokdad,Linda Morales,Ilais Moreno Velásquez,Seyyed Meysam Mousavi,Satinath Mukhopadhyay,Jean B. Nachega,Girish N. Nadkarni,Jobert Richie Nansseu,Gopalakrishnan Natarajan,Javad Nazari,Bruce Neal,Ruxandra Irina Negoi,Cuong Tat Nguyen,Rajan Nikbakhsh,Jean Jacques Noubiap,Christoph Nowak,Andrew T Olagunju,Alberto Ortiz,Mayowa O. Owolabi,Raffaele Palladino,Mona Pathak,Hossein Poustchi,Swayam Prakash,Narayan Prasad,Alireza Rafiei,Sree Bhushan Raju,Kiana Ramezanzadeh,Salman Rawaf,David Laith Rawaf,Lal B. Rawal,Robert C. Reiner,Aziz Rezapour,Daniel Cury Ribeiro,Leonardo Roever,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera,Seyedmohammad Saadatagah,Saeed Safari,Berhe W. Sahle,Hosni Salem,Juan Sanabria,Itamar S. Santos,Arash Sarveazad,Monika Sawhney,Elke Schaeffner,Maria Inês Schmidt,Aletta E. Schutte,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Masood Ali Shaikh,Zeinab Sharafi,Mehdi Sharif,Amrollah Sharifi,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Jasvinder A. Singh,Narinder Pal Singh,Malede Mequanent Sisay,Amin Soheili,Ipsita Sutradhar,Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot,Berhe Etsay Tesfay,Getnet Fetene Teshome,Jarnail Singh Thakur,Marcello Tonelli,Khanh Bao Tran,Bach Xuan Tran,Candide Tran Ngoc,Irfan Ullah,Pascual R. Valdez,Santosh Varughese,Theo Vos,Linh Gia Vu,Yasir Waheed,Andrea Werdecker,Haileab Fekadu Wolde,Adam Belay Wondmieneh,Sarah Wulf Hanson,Tomohide Yamada,Yigizie Yeshaw,Naohiro Yonemoto,Hasan Yusefzadeh,Zoubida Zaidi,Leila Zaki,Sojib Bin Zaman,Nelson Zamora,Afshin Zarghi,Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie,Johan Ärnlöv,Josef Coresh,Norberto Perico,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Christopher J L Murray +221 more
TL;DR: The burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected.
Journal ArticleDOI
Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study highlights the global, regional, and national trends of chronic kidney disease epidemiology from 1990 to 2016.
Yan Xie,Benjamin Bowe,Ali H. Mokdad,Hong Xian,Yan Yan,Tingting Li,Geetha Maddukuri,Cheng You Tsai,Tasheia Floyd,Ziyad Al-Aly +9 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease study data and methodologies were used to describe the change in burden of CKD from 1990 to 2016 involving incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs).
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiological Insights and Therapeutic Options.
TL;DR: The authors explore the most important interactions between heart rhythm disorders and renal dysfunction while evaluating the ways in which the coexistence of renal dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmia influences the management of both.
Journal ArticleDOI
Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease
TL;DR: The authors review drivers of fibrogenesis, including epithelial cell injury, inflammation, regeneration pathways and factors that promote the AKI-to-CKD transition, and discuss direct targeting of fibrotic pathways and therapeutic approaches that have reportedly decreased kidney fibrosis in preclinical and/or clinical studies.
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Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Feng Tan,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Tara Templin,Eric Y. Tenkorang,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Bernadette Thomas,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,David L. Tirschwell,Imad M. Tleyjeh,Imad M. Tleyjeh,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Thomas Truelsen,Ulises Trujillo,Matias Trillini,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,E. Murat Tuzcu,Clotilde Ubeda,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Andrew Vallely,Steven van de Vijver,Coen H. Van Gool,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G. Waller,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Xiao Rong Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Robert G. Weintraub,Wang Wenzhi,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Timothy M. Wolock,Anthony D. Woolf,John Q. Wong,Jonathan L. Wright,Sarah Wulf,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Yang Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Hiroshi Yatsuya,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Kim Yun Jin,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Mohammed Fouad Zamakhshary,Hajo Zeeb,Yong Zhang,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,David Zonies,Xiao Nong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Theo Vos,Alan D. Lopez,Alan D. Lopez,Christopher J L Murray,Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra,Howard Hu,Nadim E. Karam,Nsanzimana Sabin,A. M. Temesgen +731 more
TL;DR: In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors, the authors used the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Lily Alexander,H. Ross Anderson,Victoria F Bachman,Stan Biryukov,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,Daniel Casey,Daniel Casey,Matthew M Coates,Aaron Cohen,Kristen Delwiche,Kara Estep,Joseph Frostad,K. C. Astha,Hmwe H Kyu,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Marie Ng,Erica Leigh Slepak,Bernadette Thomas,Joseph A Wagner,Gunn Marit Aasvang,Cristiana Abbafati,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Biju Abraham,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tania C Aburto,Tom Achoki,Ademola Lukman Adelekan,Koranteng Adofo,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Ashkan Afshin,Emilie Agardh,Mazin J. Al Khabouri,Faris Lami,Sayed Saidul Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Alicia Aleman,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,Mohammed K. Ali,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Peter J. Allen,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Adansi A. Amankwaa,Azmeraw T. Amare,Emmanuel A. Ameh,Omid Ameli,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,Benjamin O Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Solveig A. Cunningham,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic,Al Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Charles Atkinson,Marco A Avila,Baffour Awuah,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Talal Bakfalouni,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Shivanthi Balalla,Ravi Kumar Balu,Amitava Banerjee,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez,Ana Basto-Abreu,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed O. Basulaiman,Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Habib Benzian,Eduardo Bernabé,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Boris Bikbov,Aref A. Bin Abdulhak,Jed D. Blore,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Berrak Bora Basara,Guilherme Borges,Natan M. Bornstein,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Michael Brainin,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,David M. Broday,Peter Brooks,Nigel Bruce,Traolach S. Brugha,Bert Brunekreef,Rachelle Buchbinder,Linh N Bui,Gene Bukhman,Andrew G. M. Bulloch,Michael Burch,Peter Burney,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Julio Cesar Campuzano,Alejandra Cantoral,Jack Caravanos,Rosario Cárdenas,Elisabeth Cardis,David O. Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Alanur Çavlin,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Wanqing Chen,Zhengming Chen,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Costas A. Christophi,Costas A. Christophi,Ting Wu Chuang,Sumeet S. Chugh,Massimo Cirillo,Thomas Claßen,Valentina Colistro,Mercedes Colomar,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Alejandra G. Contreras,Cyrus Cooper,Kimberly Cooperrider,Leslie T. Cooper,Josef Coresh,Karen J. Courville,Michael H. Criqui,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,James Damsere-Derry,Hadi Danawi,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Paul I. Dargan,Adrian Davis,Dragos Virgil Davitoiu,Anand Dayama,E Filipa de Castro,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Diego De Leo,Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Sarah Derrett,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Gabrielle deVeber,Karen Devries,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Adnan M. Durrani,Beth E. Ebel,Richard G. Ellenbogen,Yousef M. Elshrek,Matthias Endres,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Saman Fahimi,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,Andrea B. Feigl,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Alize J. Ferrari,Cleusa P. Ferri,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Belinda J. Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Emmanuela Gakidou,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Ron T. Gansevoort,Francisco A García-Guerra,Evariste Gasana,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Richard F. Gillum,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Shifalika Goenka,Ketevan Goginashvili,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Teresita González de Cosío,Dinorah González-Castell,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Richard L. Guerrant,Harish Chander Gugnani,Francis Guillemin,David Gunnell,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Maria Hagströmer,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Mouhanad Hammami,Graeme J. Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Tilahun Nigatu Haregu,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Lucia Hernandez,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Bryan Hubbell,Laetitia Huiart,Abdullatif Husseini,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Samaya Ismayilova,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Henrica A. F. M. Jansen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Alejandra Jáuregui,Sudha Jayaraman,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Fan Jiang,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,Sidibe S Kany Roseline,Nadim E. Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Irma Khonelidze,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Brett M. Kissela,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,M Rifat Kose,Soewarta Kosen,Alexander Kraemer,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Hans Kromhout,Tiffany Ku,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J. Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Dennis Odai Laryea,Pablo M. Lavados,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Miriam Levi,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,M. Patrice Lindsay,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Belinda K Lloyd,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Nancy Lopez,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Raimundas Lunevicius,Jixiang Ma,Stefan Ma,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Michael F. MacIntyre,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Abbas Ali Mahdi,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Srikanth Mangalam,Christopher C. Mapoma,Marape Marape,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Guy B. Marks,Randall V. Martin,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Mohammad T Mashal,Felix Masiye,Amanda J. Mason-Jones,Kunihiro Matsushita,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Abigail C. McKay,Martin McKee,Abigail McLain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Awoke Misganaw,Santosh Mishra,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,K. A. Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Ami R Moore,Lidia Morawska,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Ulrich O Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Ziad Nahas,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Bruce Neal,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Charles R. Newton,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Jean de Dieu Ngirabega,Grant Nguyen,Nhung T Nguyen,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,José R Nogueira,Joan M. Nolla,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Ricardo Orozco,Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,Lilia S Pedraza,Andrea Pedroza,Ljiljana Pejin Stokic,Ayfer Pekericli,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Samuel A L Perry,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Hwee Pin Phua,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Guilherme V. Polanczyk,Suzanne Polinder,Constance D. Pond,C. Arden Pope,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Farshad Pourmalek,John Powles,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M Prasad,Dima M. Qato,Amado D Quezada,D. Alex Quistberg,Lionel Racapé,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Ivo Rakovac,Saleem M Rana,Mayuree Rao,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Amany H Refaat,Jürgen Rehm,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Patricia M. Riccio,Lee Richardson,Anne M. Riederer,Margaret Robinson,Anna Roca,Alina Rodriguez,David Rojas-Rueda,Isabelle Romieu,Luca Ronfani,Robin Room,Nobhojit Roy,George Mugambage Ruhago,Lesley Rushton,Nsanzimana Sabin,Ralph L. Sacco,Sukanta Saha,Ramesh Sahathevan,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Joshua A. Salomon,Deborah Salvo,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Luz Maria Sanchez,Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Amir Sapkota,Maheswar Satpathy,James E. Saunders,Monika Sawhney,Mete Saylan,Peter Scarborough,Jürgen C Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Edson Serván-Mori,Gavin Shaddick,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Kenji Shibuya,Hwashin H. Shin,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Gitanjali M. Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Michael Soljak,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nadine Steckling,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Natalie Stephens,Heidi Stöckl,Kurt Straif,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Lela Sturua,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Martha M Téllez Rojo,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador,Sarah V Thackway,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Myriam Tobollik,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Leonardo Trasande,Matias Trillini,Ulises Trujillo,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Selen Begüm Uzun,Steven van de Vijver,Rita Van Dingenen,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Lennert J. Veerman,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G Waller,Mitchell T. Wallin,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Wenzhi Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Charlotte Watts,Charlotte Watts,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Hywel C Williams,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,John Q. Wong,Anthony D. Woolf,Jonathan L. Wright,Jonathan L. Wright,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L. Yan,Gonghuan Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Muluken Azage Yenesew,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Zourkaleini Younoussi,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,Xiaonong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray +736 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
Journal Article
The environment and disease: association or causation?
TL;DR: This paper contrasts Bradford Hill’s approach with a currently fashionable framework for reasoning about statistical associations – the Common Task Framework – and suggests why following Bradford Hill, 50+ years on, is still extraordinarily reasonable.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States
Josef Coresh,Elizabeth Selvin,Lesley A. Stevens,Jane Manzi,John W. Kusek,Paul W. Eggers,Frederick Van Lente,Andrew S. Levey +7 more
TL;DR: The prevalence of CKD in the United States in 1999-2004 is higher than it was in 1988-1994 and this increase is partly explained by the increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and raises concerns about future increased incidence of kidney failure and other complications.
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