Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: The results reinforce the need of efficient strategy implementation to control and reduce Campylobacter in chickens at production and slaughter levels, and the necessity to reduce the use of antimicrobials in poultry sector.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that is present as a commensal on the skin, the nose and mucous membranes of healthy humans and animals. However, it is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause multiple infectious diseases of diverse severity. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus from samples of cow’s milk, farm environmental and cattle nasal swabs from three dairy farms in Morogoro. A total of 377 samples; raw milk (n = 100), nasal swabs (n=133) and environmental swabs (n = 144) were screened for the presence of S. aureus. California mastitis test (CMT) was used to establish the status of mastitis. Gram staining, oxidase, catalase, DNase, haemolysis and coagulase tests were employed for bacterial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion assay. Out of 200 cows (800 quarters milk) CMT screened for mastitis, (12.5%) quarters from 80 cows tested positive for subclinical mastitis, while twelve (1.5%) quarters from seven (3.5%) cows tested positive for clinical mastitis.Overall, 97 (25.7%) of 377 samples were positive for S. aureus, which were detected in 49.0%, 11.6%, and 40.0% of the milk, environment and nasal samples, respectively.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to: Ampicillin (67.4%), Cefoxitin (14.8%), Erythromycin (21.1%), Gentamycin (3.2%), Oxacillin (37.9%), Tetracycline (55.8%), Trimethoprime-Sulfamethoxazole (29.5%) and Vancomycin(9.5%). 28.4% (n=27) of all isolates were resistant to Oxacillin and/or Cefoxitin, and therefore classified as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 63%of the MRSA isolates originated from milk, 22.2% from nares and 14.8% from environmental samples. Over a half of all isolates were classified as multidrug resistant;of these 43.2% (n=41), 6.3% (n=6) and 1.1% (n=1) were simultaneously resistant to three, four and five antimicrobial agents, respectively. Taken together, this study revealed the prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in cow’s milk, nares and farm environment. Our findings also confirm the presence of livestock-associated MRSA, and thus underline the importance of applying biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and throughout the food production chain.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial resistance, MRSA, Livestock environment
4 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...The consumption of poultry and poultry products is the primary source of sporadic human campylobacteriosis, while approximately 66% of Campylobacter outbreaks are attributed to dairy products, mostly raw milk or cheese (EFSA and ECDC, 2015; Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...while approximately 66% of Campylobacter outbreaks are attributed to dairy products, mostly raw milk or cheese (EFSA and ECDC, 2015; Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors analyzed the population dynamics of Campylobacter and Arcobacter group bacteria (AGB) in a freshwater lake in Japan over two years using both culture-dependent and independent methods.
4 citations
TL;DR: Providers are encouraged to consider enteritis or proctocolitis in MSM as possibly having been sexually transmitted and encourage targeted STI testing and risk/harm reduction and prevention messages should also be incorporated.
Abstract: BACKGROUND
Enteric pathogens are often associated with exposure to food, water, animals, and feces from infected individuals. However, in sexual networks of men who have sex with men (MSM), transmission of enteric pathogens may occur during direct or indirect oral-anal contact.
METHODS
We performed a scoping review of the literature for studies prior to July 2019 with key terms for gastrointestinal syndromes ("proctitis," "enteritis," "proctocolitis"), enteric pathogens or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and outbreaks using multiple electronic databases.
RESULTS
We identified 5861 records through database searches, bibliography reviews, and keyword searches, of which 117 references were included in the pathogen-specific reviews.
CONCLUSIONS
The strength of observational data describing enteric pathogens in MSM and possible sexual transmission of enteric pathogens varies by pathogen; however, a robust body of literature describes the sexual transmission of Campylobacter, Giardia lamblia, and Shigella (particularly antimicrobial-resistant strains) in sexual networks of MSM. Providers are encouraged to consider enteritis or proctocolitis in MSM as possibly having been sexually transmitted and encourage targeted STI testing. Risk/harm reduction and prevention messages should also be incorporated, though there is an acknowledged paucity of evidence with regards to effective strategies. Further research is needed to understand the transmission and prevention of enteric pathogens in MSM.
4 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Para estudiar en profundidad la diversidad, estacionalidad y dinamica de cepas de Campylobacter circulantes en las granjas, se realizo la tipificacion molecular de los aislados utilizando las tecnicas de electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE) y multilocus sequence typing (MLST).
Abstract: La campilobacteriosis es la zoonosis de transmision alimentaria mas comunmente reportada en la Union Europea (UE) desde 2005. La principal fuente de infeccion es el consumo o manipulacion de carne de pollo contaminada con Campylobacter (principalmente C. jejuni y C. coli). La alta prevalencia de Campylobacter en pollos de engorde en granja supone un elevado riesgo de contaminacion del producto final y por ende el riesgo de infeccion para el consumidor. Es por ello que para la UE es prioritaria la prevencion y reduccion del numero de lotes positivos a Campylobacter en edad de sacrificio. De ahi la importancia de conocer en profundidad el comportamiento y la epidemiologia de este patogeno. De este modo, en el marco de esta tesis (i) se estudio la diversidad y dinamica de cepas de Campylobacter de pollos de engorde en granja; (ii) se caracterizaron los aislados desde el punto de vista de resistencia a un panel de antimicrobianos asi como de genes de virulencia; (iii) se caracterizo en profundidad una seleccion de aislados mediante secuenciacion masiva, analizando los mecanismos de resistencia, distribucion de genes de virulencia, genotipo y relaciones filogeneticas. Los aislados objeto de estudio proceden de un estudio longitudinal previo, realizado durante dos anos en cinco granjas de Cataluna. De aquellos lotes positivos a Campylobacter se conservaron una serie de aislados al azar de diferentes individuos a lo largo de cada crianza. Para estudiar en profundidad la diversidad, estacionalidad y dinamica de cepas de Campylobacter circulantes en las granjas, se realizo la tipificacion molecular de los aislados utilizando las tecnicas de electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE) y multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Mediante PFGE y utilizando dos enzimas de restriccion, se analizaron un total de 343 aislados (254 de C. jejuni y 89 de C. coli) y se identificaron un total de 92 perfiles diferentes de macrorestriccion (de 12 a 24 perfiles por granja). Globalmente, detectamos una gran diversidad genotipica, identificando mayoritariamente entre 1 y 2 genotipos diferentes por crianza, pero que no se aislaron en crianzas sucesivas. Por otro lado, observamos persistencia de algunos genotipos dentro de un mismo lote a lo largo de la crianza. Al comparar los aislados de las diferentes granjas, encontramos genotipos comunes de C. jejuni entre diferentes granjas. De los diferentes genotipos obtenidos mediante PFGE, seleccionamos un total de 127 aislados (93 de C. jejuni y 34 de C. coli) que analizamos mediante MLST, encontrando igualmente una gran diversidad genetica. Los aislados de C. jejuni se agruparon en 15 complejos clonales (CC) distribuidos en 34 secuencias tipo (ST), mientras que los aislados de C. coli se agruparon en su totalidad dentro del CC828 distribuidos en 12 STs. Ademas, identificamos cinco STs nuevos de C. jejuni y dos de C. coli. Se observo cierta estacionalidad en determinados CC. Los CC21 y CC206 se encontraban a lo largo del ano, excepto durante el trimestre mas frio, siendo mas frecuentes en los meses mas calidos. Por otro lado el CC48 se observo unicamente en los meses mas calidos. En el segundo estudio, evaluamos el perfil de susceptibilidad de 344 aislados frente a un panel de 12 antimicrobianos de diferentes familias, utilizando el metodo de difusion en disco. La resistencia a quinolonas (acido nalidixico y ciprofloxacina) fue la mas prevalente, seguida de tetraciclinas. Esto representa un problema de salud publica importante puesto que estos son los agentes mas usados para tratar infecciones entericas humanas. Por el contrario, las resistencias a eritromicina y gentamicina fueron las menos prevalentes. Todos los aislados analizados fueron sensibles a cloranfenicol, amoxicilina + clavulanato, imipenem y meropenem. Un 62,2% de los aislados fueron multiresistentes, siendo el perfil de resistencia mas frecuente: acido nalidixico, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, tetraciclina, doxiciclina y ampicilina. Por otro lado, analizamos 14 genes de virulencia involucrados en la colonizacion e infeccion, donde observamos una distribucion heterogenea de los mismos, en los aislados analizados. Cabe destacar la deteccion del gen wlaN en un 19% de aislados; este gen esta relacionado con el sindrome de Guillain-Barre, un sindrome neurologico grave que puede desarrollarse tras una infeccion por Campylobacter. En el ultimo estudio se realizo la secuenciacion del genoma completo, mediante la plataforma Illumina, de un total de 16 aislados de C. jejuni y C. coli para su caracterizacion en profundidad. La tecnologia de secuenciacion masiva se ha convertido en una herramienta potente, rapida y asequible para caracterizar patogenos de interes como Campylobacter en estudios epidemiologicos. Los datos obtenidos en esta tesis confirman la diversidad genetica de Campylobacter en los pollos de engorde y la gran complejidad de la dinamica de cepas circulantes en granja. Ello probablemente sea el principal factor que dificulta conseguir estrategias eficaces de control de la bacteria en granja. Por otro lado, la elevada proporcion de cepas resistentes y multiresistentes a antibioticos, aisladas de pollos de engorde ponen de relieve la importancia de concienciar a los productores y/o encargados de la produccion intensiva sobre el uso prudente de antimicrobianos. Unas medidas de bioseguridad efectivas para el control de Campylobacter en granja, no solo conseguirian reducir la alta prevalencia de lotes positivos a edad de sacrificio, sino que indirectamente mejorarian el estatus sanitario general de la granja. Ello conllevaria una menor necesidad del uso terapeutico de antibioticos y probablemente una reduccion de cepas resistentes.
4 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Also, the high diversity of genotypes might be due to the existence of different sources of Campylobacter in the external environment of the farms that during the rearing cycles end up colonizing broiler flocks (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: The diversity of clinical C. jejuni in New Hampshire in 2017 was driven mainly by the coexistence of phylogenetically diverse antibiotic-resistant lineages, widespread geographical mixing, and frequent recombination.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In the United States, New Hampshire was one of the 18 states that reported cases in the 2016 to 2018 multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni. Here, we aimed to elucidate the baseline diversity of the wider New Hampshire C. jejuni population during the outbreak. We used genome sequences of 52 clinical isolates sampled in New Hampshire in 2017, including 1 of the 2 isolates from the outbreak. Results revealed a remarkably diverse population composed of at least 28 sequence types, which are mostly represented by 1 or a few strains. A comparison of our isolates with 249 clinical C. jejuni from other states showed frequent phylogenetic intermingling, suggesting a lack of geographical structure and minimal local diversification within the state. Multiple independent acquisitions of resistance genes from 5 classes of antibiotics characterize the population, with 47/52 (90.4%) of the genomes carrying at least 1 horizontally acquired resistance gene. Frequently recombining genes include those associated with heptose biosynthesis, colonization, and stress resistance. We conclude that the diversity of clinical C. jejuni in New Hampshire in 2017 was driven mainly by the coexistence of phylogenetically diverse antibiotic-resistant lineages, widespread geographical mixing, and frequent recombination. This study provides an important baseline census of the standing pangenomic variation and drug resistance to aid the development of a statewide database for epidemiological studies and clinical decision making. Continued genomic surveillance will be necessary to accurately assess how the population of C. jejuni changes over the long term.
4 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Moreover, because campylobacteriosis is often associated with contaminated food products and exposure to animals (6), whole-genome sequencing of isolates from various sources (agricultural and food production settings, domestic animals, wild animals, and environment) should be a major component of studies of disease ecology and epidemiology....
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...the consumption of raw, undercooked, or contaminated water, food, and food products as well as through direct contact with animals (6)....
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...Due to the self-limiting characteristics of campylobacteriosis, antimicrobial therapy is not routinely recommended; however, in acute or persistent infections, immunocompromised cases, or those patients with comorbidities, antibiotics are commonly prescribed (6)....
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References
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University of Maryland, Baltimore1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Aga Khan University4, Medical Research Council5, University of Barcelona6, GlaxoSmithKline7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research9, University of Bergen10, Norwegian Institute of Public Health11, Royal Children's Hospital12
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
2,766 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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...In addition, in a prospective case-control study conducted between 1 December 2007 and 3 March 2011 to identify the etiology of diarrhea in children aged 0 to 59 months, C. jejuni was reported to be significantly associated July 2015 Volume 28 Number 3 cmr.asm.org 693Clinical Microbiology Reviews on M arch 21, 2021 by guest http://cm r.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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TL;DR: Two important processes have occurred to legitimize these conditions, and to increase attention toward the research and clinical care of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), a shift in conceptualizing these disorders from a disease-based, reductionistic model, to a more integrated, biopsychosocial model of illness.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue is verified by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects, and a positive association with lymph node metastasis is observed.
Abstract: An estimated 15% or more of the cancer burden worldwide is attributable to known infectious agents. We screened colorectal carcinoma and matched normal tissue specimens using RNA-seq followed by host sequence subtraction and found marked over-representation of Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences in tumors relative to control specimens. F. nucleatum is an invasive anaerobe that has been linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, but not to cancer. Fusobacteria are rare constituents of the fecal microbiota, but have been cultured previously from biopsies of inflamed gut mucosa. We obtained a Fusobacterium isolate from a frozen tumor specimen; this showed highest sequence similarity to a known gut mucosa isolate and was confirmed to be invasive. We verified overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects (p = 2.5 × 10(-6)), and we observed a positive association with lymph node metastasis.
1,535 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma is characterized using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs and Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs.
Abstract: The tumor microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma is a complex community of genomically altered cancer cells, nonneoplastic cells, and a diverse collection of microorganisms. Each of these components may contribute to carcinogenesis; however, the role of the microbiota is the least well understood. We have characterized the composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs. Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted in tumors. Fusobacteria were also visualized within colorectal tumors using FISH. These findings reveal alterations in the colorectal cancer microbiota; however, the precise role of Fusobacteria in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
1,527 citations
TL;DR: Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism.
Abstract: By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.
1,431 citations