Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: This method succeeded in identifying C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus with tentative sensitivity and specificity and may be a universal identification for Campylobacter and related organisms and would provide an alternative identification in clinical microbiology.
Abstract: This method was aimed targeting more Campylobacter species than conventional PCR-based identifications. They generally use species-specific primers focusing on clinically common species like C. jejuni, resulting in failure to recognize other species. We made the PCR-based identification more flexible using degenerate primers and DdeI- and MboI-separately used RFLP assay, which were designed on the basis of gyrB nucleotide sequence data of 14 Campylobacter species including C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus. Ninety-four clinical isolates from patients with Campylobacter gastroenteritis and 13 biochemically identified C. fetus were used for its evaluation. In consequence, this method succeeded in identifying C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus with tentative sensitivity (93.4-98.0%) and specificity (89.0-99.0%). According to our data-based analysis, the primers can possibly target other related species including Helicobacter and Arcobacter. This method may be a universal identification for Campylobacter and related organisms and would provide an alternative identification in clinical microbiology.
2 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...fetus, and in total 18 Campylobacter species reportedly have pathogenicity and/or immunogenicity to human, or were just isolated from patients [3, 4]....
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TL;DR: The varying motility of C. concisus could not be related to disease outcome or colonization sites, and no difference was found between oral or fecal isolates between groups.
Abstract: Campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but the species is also found in healthy subjects. The heterogeneous genome of C. concisus increases the likelihood of varying virulence between strains. Flagella motility is a crucial virulence factor for the well-recognized Campylobacter jejuni; therefore, this study aimed to analyze the motility of C. concisus isolated from saliva, gut biopsies, and feces of patients with IBD, gastroenteritis, and healthy subjects. The motility zones of 63 isolates from 52 patients were measured after microaerobic growth in soft-agar plates for 72 hours. The motility of C. concisus was significantly lower than that of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. The motility of C. concisus varied between isolates (4-22 mm), but there was no statistical significant difference between isolates from IBD patients and healthy subjects (p = 0.14). A tendency of a larger motility zones was observed for IBD gut mucosa isolates, although it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.13), and no difference was found between oral or fecal isolates between groups. In conclusion, the varying motility of C. concisus could not be related to disease outcome or colonization sites.
2 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...In recent years, several Campylobacter species other than Campylobacter jejuni have been recognized as potential human pathogens (1)....
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Dissertation•
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: Several genes involved in GIT survival were discovered, along with genes that encode adhesion proteins such as those involved in mucus, fibronectin and collagen binding, which may contribute to L. fermentum 3872 survivability within the GIT and have an antagonistic effect on enteric pathogens via competitive exclusion.
Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rise in antimicrobial-resistant bacteria caused by overdependence on, and misuse of, antibiotics. This has led to an increase in research for identifying alternatives to combat pathogens. One promising means of combating pathogenic bacteria, particularly for those residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), is the use of probiotics. This thesis focuses on a potential probiotic strain Lactobacillus fermentum 3872, the genome sequence of which was circularised during the study, identifying genes that may contribute to probiotic activity. Several genes involved in GIT survival, such as acid symporters were discovered, along with genes that encode adhesion proteins such as those involved in mucus, fibronectin and collagen binding. The genes mentioned above may contribute to L. fermentum 3872 survivability within the GIT and have an antagonistic effect on enteric pathogens via competitive exclusion. Other interesting genes identified in L. fermentum 3872 were potentially involved in bacterial aggregation, exopolysaccharide and vitamin synthesis, along with four prophage encoding regions. Genes that encode a class III bacteriocin was also identified. An additional gene encoding a collagen binding protein (CBP) of a newly discovered plasmid pLF3872, was recognised. The chromosomal sequence also had a partial CBP encoding gene. pLF3872 has a toxin-antitoxin gene pair that ensures stable maintenance of the plasmid, along with conjugation-related genes. Functional analysis of the recombinant CBP via ELISA experiments found that the protein had the ability to bind to collagen I, a protein present on the epithelial lining of cells of the GIT. ELISA experiments also demonstrated that a common gastrointestinal pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, can bind to collagen I in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis identified that C. jejuni strains 11168H and 81-176 may utilise flagellar components (FlaA and FlaB) for adhesion. Furthermore, C. jejuni 11168H and 81-176 binding to collagen I was inhibited in the presence of either L. fermentum 3872 or CBP, thus reducing C. jejuni adherence via competitive exclusion. Using an in vitro assay, it was also demonstrated that L. fermentum 3872 cell-free supernatant could inhibit the growth of C. jejuni, due to the acidic environment brought about by L. fermentum 3872.
During the completion of the genome sequence of L. fermentum 3872, comparison of various sequence assembly techniques which focused on the quality of the genome assembly was conducted. The results showed that further extension of the genome sequence during sequence assembly may lead to assembly errors when over-relying on a commonly-used sequence quality indicator, referred to as read mapping. It is suggested that care must also be taken when using long read technology to complete the genome sequence of a bacteria, as this may result in nucleotide sequence redundancies.
2 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...C. jejuni can also be dangerous for pregnant females with infections linked to septic abortion and neonatal sepsis (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...Campylobacter infections can also result from drinking unpasteurized milk (Kaakoush et al., 2015) and, according to a study conducted by the UK Health Protection Agency, 3% of infections are also a result of person-to-person contact caused by poor hygiene (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...Campylobacter spp abundance is more common in organic chickens than non-organic sources, with the risk of infection being 1.7 times higher from organic sources (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...Nonetheless, macrolides are being used in the food production industry to promote the growth of animals, as well as for therapeutic reasons, leading to macrolide-resistant strains of Campylobacter (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...FD is characterised by abdominal pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen for three months with the absence of observable structural abnormality of the upper abdomen during endoscopy examination (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: The histopathological process involved in post-mating infection of Campylobacter fetus bovine probably altered the balance in the activity of maternal lymphoid cells, as well as gene expression of the trophoblast, finally affecting the embryo survival.
Abstract: espanolAntecedentes: La campilobacteriosis bovina es una enfermedad venerea causada por el Campylobacter fetus venerealis, que produce principalmente fallas reproductivas ocasionando grandes perdidas economicas. Objetivo: Describir las caracteristicas histopatologicas de la mucosa de organos reproductores de vaquillonas infectadas experimentalmente con Campylobacter fetus venerealis.Metodos: Doce vaquillonas Aberdeen Angus (15 a 18 meses de edad) con celo sincronizado, recibieron servicio natural, e inmediatamente se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: A (n=9), inoculadas con Campylobacter fetus venerealis; B (n=3; control), inoculadas con placebo. El diagnostico de prenez se realizo por ultrasonografia a los 29, 38 y 42 dias post-servicio; los niveles plasmaticos de progesterona fueron determinados por ELISA. Las vaquillonas del grupo A con niveles de progesterona plasmaticos menores a 1 ng/mL y/o diagnosticadas no prenadas, fueron consideradas para eutanasia y divididas en tres subgrupos: A1-eutanasia dia 30 (n=4); A2-dia 40 (n=3); y A3-dia 55 (n=2) post-servicio. Las vaquillonas del grupo B, diagnosticadas prenadas, fueron eutanasiadas a los 30, 40 y 55 dias. Se tomaron muestras de oviductos, utero y vagina. Resultados: Se observo inflamacion linfocitaria en la totalidad de muestras del grupo A. Celulas trofoblasticas fueron encontradas en muestras correspondientes a los grupos A2 y A3. Probablemente, el proceso inflamatorio altero el equilibrio de las celulas linfoides maternas y la expresion genica del trofoblasto, afectando la supervivencia embrionaria. Conclusion: Este trabajo contribuye a la comprension del proceso histopatologico involucrado en la infeccion poscoital por Campylobacter fetus bovino. portuguesAntecedentes: A campilobacteriose bovina e uma doenca venerea originada pelo Campylobacter fetus venerealis, quem produz principalmente falha reprodutiva e porem grandes perdas economicas. Objetivo: Descrever as caracteristicas histopatologicas da mucosa dos orgaos reprodutores de novilhas infetadas no modo experimental com Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Metodos: Doze novilhas Aberdeen Angus de 15 ate 18 meses com cio sincronizado, receberam servico natural. Logo apos, foram aleatoreamente separados em grupos: A (n=9) inoculados com Campylobacter fetus venerealis e grupo B (n=3; controle) inoculadas com um placebo. O diagnostico da gestacao foi realizado por ultrasom nos dias 29, 38 y 42 pos-servico. Os niveis plasmaticos da progesterona foram determinados por ELISA. As novilhas do grupo A, com niveis plasmaticos de progesterona menores a 1 ng/mL e/ou diagnosticadas nao gravidas, foram consideradas para eutanasia e foram divididas em tres subgrupos: A1-eutanasia aos 30 dias pos- servico (n=4); A2-dia 40 (n=3); A3-dia 55 (n=2). Foram realizada eutanasia as novilhas do grupo B diagnosticadas prenhadas, aos 30, 40 e 55 dias e a amostragem de ovidutos, utero e vagina. Resultados: A presenca de inflamacao linfocitaria foi observada na totalidade das amostras do grupo A. Foram achadas celulas trofoblasticas nas amostras correspondente aos grupos A2 e A3. Provavelmente, pelo processo inflamatorio tenha sido alterado o equilibrio das celulas linfoides maternas, assim tambem como a expressao genica do trofoblasto, afetando a supervivencia embrionaria. Conclusao: Este trabalho contribue a compreensao do processo histopatologico na infeccao com Campylobacter fetus bovino pos-acasalamento. EnglishBackground: Bovine campylobacteriosis is a venereal disease due to infection with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. It causes mainly reproductive failures that lead to considerable economic losses. Objective: To perform a histopathological description of the mucosa from reproductive organs of heifers experimentally infected with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Methods: Twelve 15-18-months-old Aberdeen Angus heifers were treated for estrous synchronization and exposed to natural breeding. They were then randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=9) was inoculated with C. fetus venerealis; group B (n=3, control) was inoculated with a placebo. Ultrasonography was performed at days 29, 38, and 42 post-breeding, and plasmatic progesterone levels were quantified using ELISA to confirm pregnancies. Animals in group A with plasma progesterone levels below 1 ng/mL and/or diagnosed as non-pregnant were further divided into three subgroups: A1 (n=4), euthanized at day 30 post-breeding; A2 (n=3), euthanized at day 40 post-breeding and A3 (n=2), euthanized at day 55 post-breeding. Heifers from group B, all diagnosed as pregnant, were euthanized each at day 30, 40, and 55 days post-breeding as well. Histological sections from every group were taken from oviducts, uterus, and vagina. Results: Lymphocytic inflammation was the most common lesion in all infected heifers. Trophoblast cells were found in the non-pregnant heifers euthanized at days 40, and 55 post-breeding. The inflammatory process with the presence of lymphoid cells probably altered the balance in the activity of maternal lymphoid cells, as well as gene expression of the trophoblast, finally affecting the embryo survival. Conclusion: This work contributes to the understanding of the histopathological process involved in post-mating infection of Campylobacter fetus bovine.
2 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Campylobacter fetus is highly adapted to the mucosal surfaces (Hu and Kopecko, 2000; Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors used loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect C. jejuni contamination in food samples, which requires only 9 min with a cutoff value of Cq.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness worldwide. C. jejuni is commonly found in poultry. It is the most frequent cause of contamination and thus resulting in not only public health concerns but also economic impacts. To test for this bacterial contamination in food processing plants, this study attempted to employ a simple and rapid detection assay called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The best cutoff value for the positive determination of C. jejuni calculated using real-time LAMP quantification cycle (Cq) was derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve modeling. The model showed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.936 (95% Wald CI: 0.903–0.970). Based on Youden’s J statistic, the optimal cutoff value which had the highest sensitivity and specificity from the model was calculated as 18.07. The LAMP assay had 96.9% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, and 93.9 and 97.9% positive and negative predictive values, respectively, compared to a standard culture approach for C. jejuni identification. Among all non-C. jejuni strains, the LAMP assay gave each of 12.5% false-positive results to C. coli and E. coli (1 out of 8 samples). The assay can detect C. jejuni at the lowest concentration of 103 CFU/mL. Our results suggest a preliminary indicator for the application of end-point LAMP assays, such as turbidity and UV fluorescence tests, to detect C. jejuni in field operations. The LAMP assay is an alternative screening test for C. jejuni contamination in food samples. The method provides a rapid detection, which requires only 9 min with a cutoff value of Cq. We performed the extraction of DNA from pure cultures and the detection of C. jejuni using the LAMP assay within 3 h. However, we were not able to reduce the time for the process of enrichment involved in our study. Therefore, we suggest that alternative enrichment media and rapid DNA extraction methods should be considered for further study. Compared to other traditional methods, our proposed assay requires less equipment and time, which is applicable at any processing steps in the food production chain.
2 citations
References
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University of Maryland, Baltimore1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Aga Khan University4, Medical Research Council5, University of Barcelona6, GlaxoSmithKline7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research9, University of Bergen10, Norwegian Institute of Public Health11, Royal Children's Hospital12
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
2,766 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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...In addition, in a prospective case-control study conducted between 1 December 2007 and 3 March 2011 to identify the etiology of diarrhea in children aged 0 to 59 months, C. jejuni was reported to be significantly associated July 2015 Volume 28 Number 3 cmr.asm.org 693Clinical Microbiology Reviews on M arch 21, 2021 by guest http://cm r.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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TL;DR: Two important processes have occurred to legitimize these conditions, and to increase attention toward the research and clinical care of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), a shift in conceptualizing these disorders from a disease-based, reductionistic model, to a more integrated, biopsychosocial model of illness.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue is verified by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects, and a positive association with lymph node metastasis is observed.
Abstract: An estimated 15% or more of the cancer burden worldwide is attributable to known infectious agents. We screened colorectal carcinoma and matched normal tissue specimens using RNA-seq followed by host sequence subtraction and found marked over-representation of Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences in tumors relative to control specimens. F. nucleatum is an invasive anaerobe that has been linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, but not to cancer. Fusobacteria are rare constituents of the fecal microbiota, but have been cultured previously from biopsies of inflamed gut mucosa. We obtained a Fusobacterium isolate from a frozen tumor specimen; this showed highest sequence similarity to a known gut mucosa isolate and was confirmed to be invasive. We verified overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects (p = 2.5 × 10(-6)), and we observed a positive association with lymph node metastasis.
1,535 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma is characterized using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs and Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs.
Abstract: The tumor microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma is a complex community of genomically altered cancer cells, nonneoplastic cells, and a diverse collection of microorganisms. Each of these components may contribute to carcinogenesis; however, the role of the microbiota is the least well understood. We have characterized the composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs. Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted in tumors. Fusobacteria were also visualized within colorectal tumors using FISH. These findings reveal alterations in the colorectal cancer microbiota; however, the precise role of Fusobacteria in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
1,527 citations
TL;DR: Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism.
Abstract: By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.
1,431 citations