Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: A significant rise in the incidence of campylobacteriosis in the Jewish population which, since 2009, surpassed the consistent higher incidence of the disease in Israeli Arabs and is likely to have contributed to the peak morbidity and mortality in this study.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the recent trends in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in Israel. A Sentinel Laboratory-Based Surveillance Network for Bacterial Enteric Diseases was established in Israel by the Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC). This network generated data on subjects from whom Campylobacter spp. was isolated in community and hospital laboratories. Further characterization of the isolates was done at the Campylobacter National Reference Laboratory. Data from these two sources were integrated and analyzed at the ICDC. Between 1999 and 2012, 40,978 Campylobacter stool isolates were reported to the ICDC by the sentinel laboratories. The incidence rate of campylobacteriosis increased from 65.7 per 100,000 in 1999 to 101.7 per 100,000 in 2012. This increase resulted from a significant rise in the incidence of campylobacteriosis in the Jewish population which, since 2009, surpassed the consistent higher incidence of the disease in Israeli Arabs. The peak morbidit...
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TL;DR: Findings indicate that C. jejuni and its Cdt may play a role in inflammation and autoimmunities beyond the gut, and the strongest reactions were observed with zonulin, intrinsic factor and somatotropin.
Abstract: Background The bacteria Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is commonly associated with Guillane-Barre syndrome (GBS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but studies have also linked it with Miller Fisher syndrome, reactive arthritis and other disorders, some of which are autoimmune. It is possible that C. jejuni and its toxins may be cross-reactive with some human tissues and food antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses. Aim To measure the immune reactivity of C. jejuni and C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) antibodies with tissue and food antigens to examine their role in autoimmunities. Methods Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology, specific antibodies made against C. jejuni and C. jejuni Cdt were applied to a variety of microwell plates coated with 45 tissues and 180 food antigens. The resulting immunoreactivities were compared to reactions with control wells coated with human serum albumin (HSA) which were used as negative controls and with wells coated with C. jejuni lysate or C. jejuni Cdt which served as positive controls. Results At 3 SD above the mean of control wells coated with HSA or 0.41 OD, the mouse monoclonal antibody made against C. jejuni showed moderate to high reactions with zonulin, somatotropin, acetylcholine receptor, β-amyloid and presenilin. This immune reaction was low with an additional 25 tissue antigens including asialoganglioside, and the same antibody did not react at all with another 15 tissue antigens. Examining the reaction between C. jejuni antibody and 180 food antigens, we found insignificant reactions with 163 foods but low to high immune reactions with 17 food antigens. Similarly, we examined the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt with the same tissues and food antigens. The strongest reactions were observed with zonulin, intrinsic factor and somatotropin. The reaction was moderate with 9 different tissue antigens including thyroid peroxidase, and reaction was low with another 10 different antigens, including neuronal antigens. The reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with an additional 23 tissue antigens was insignificant. Regarding the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with different food antigens, 160 out of 180 foods showed insignificant reactions, while 20 foods showed reactions ranging from low to high. Conclusion Our findings indicate that C. jejuni and its Cdt may play a role in inflammation and autoimmunities beyond the gut.
8 citations
TL;DR: RE-CmeABC is a newly identified resistance-enhancing multidrug efflux pump of Campylobacter spp.
8 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...are Gram-negative thermophilic bacteria that are major etiologic agents for human foodborne illness (campylobacteriosis) worldwide [1,2]....
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...jejuni infection may lead to autoimmune conditions known as Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome [2]....
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: The collective work from this thesis attempts to address some of the knowledge gaps on the role of LuxS, methyl recycling, and DNA methylation in C. jejuni physiology by showing that luxS mutation interrupted the activated methyl cycle resulting in significant changes to intracellular concentrations of several key metabolites.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis, and campylobacteriosis in sheep. The genetic diversity of this organism, the potential for multiple sources to transmit C. jejuni to humans, and the possession of a variety of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms make C. jejuni a serious health problem worldwide. The autoinducer-2 (AI-2)/LuxS system has been the focus of several studies for its potential applications to attenuate C. jejuni virulence. A study from our group found that the LuxS enzyme plays a critical role in virulence and fitness of C. jejuni IA3902 and 11168 strains. Mutagenesis of the luxS gene negatively impacted C. jejuni colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of several host species. However, the physiologic basis for this colonization defect is unclear. In addition to AI-2 production, LuxS is also a key enzyme involved in the activated methyl cycle (AMC). The AMC is an important source for the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, a methyl donor crucial to biological processes like DNA methylation. DNA methylation has also been linked with a diverse number of important physiological and pathogenic mechanisms in many bacteria, but is poorly understood in C. jejuni. The collective work from this thesis attempts to address some of the knowledge gaps on the role of LuxS, methyl recycling, and DNA methylation in C. jejuni physiology. Collectively, results from our study showed that luxS mutation interrupted the AMC resulting in significant changes to intracellular concentrations of several key metabolites. However, the colonization-associated factors tested on our luxS mutants in this thesis do not show evidence of being the primary mechanisms responsible for the luxS mutant‘s decreased colonization ability. We proceeded to analyze the role of LuxS on DNA methylation and found that the luxS mutation had no appreciable effect on the methylome profile of the
8 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...The onset of GBS and MFS is attributed to the molecular mimicry between the lipooligosaccharide of C. jejuni and the surrounding nervous tissue, which induces cross-reactive antibodies and leads to autoimmune-mediated disease (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...Phylogenically C. jejuni is classified under the phylum Proteobacteria, class Epsilonproteobacteria, order Campylobacterales, family Campylobacteraceae, and genus Campylobacter (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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...…to reduce the shedding of C. jejuni in animals at the production level (particularly poultry), at the processing level, and implementation of stricter biosecurity protocols and good hygiene measures have been utilized to control the spread of C. jejuni (Kaakoush et al., 2015; Sahin et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: Both 405 nm and 464nm light at a dose of 24 Jcm-2 was shown to be an effective inhibitor of Campylobacter jejuni with a kill rate ranging from 82.4 - 98.9%.
8 citations
References
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University of Maryland, Baltimore1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Aga Khan University4, Medical Research Council5, University of Barcelona6, GlaxoSmithKline7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research9, University of Bergen10, Norwegian Institute of Public Health11, Royal Children's Hospital12
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
2,766 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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...In addition, in a prospective case-control study conducted between 1 December 2007 and 3 March 2011 to identify the etiology of diarrhea in children aged 0 to 59 months, C. jejuni was reported to be significantly associated July 2015 Volume 28 Number 3 cmr.asm.org 693Clinical Microbiology Reviews on M arch 21, 2021 by guest http://cm r.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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TL;DR: Two important processes have occurred to legitimize these conditions, and to increase attention toward the research and clinical care of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), a shift in conceptualizing these disorders from a disease-based, reductionistic model, to a more integrated, biopsychosocial model of illness.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue is verified by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects, and a positive association with lymph node metastasis is observed.
Abstract: An estimated 15% or more of the cancer burden worldwide is attributable to known infectious agents. We screened colorectal carcinoma and matched normal tissue specimens using RNA-seq followed by host sequence subtraction and found marked over-representation of Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences in tumors relative to control specimens. F. nucleatum is an invasive anaerobe that has been linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, but not to cancer. Fusobacteria are rare constituents of the fecal microbiota, but have been cultured previously from biopsies of inflamed gut mucosa. We obtained a Fusobacterium isolate from a frozen tumor specimen; this showed highest sequence similarity to a known gut mucosa isolate and was confirmed to be invasive. We verified overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects (p = 2.5 × 10(-6)), and we observed a positive association with lymph node metastasis.
1,535 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma is characterized using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs and Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs.
Abstract: The tumor microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma is a complex community of genomically altered cancer cells, nonneoplastic cells, and a diverse collection of microorganisms. Each of these components may contribute to carcinogenesis; however, the role of the microbiota is the least well understood. We have characterized the composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs. Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted in tumors. Fusobacteria were also visualized within colorectal tumors using FISH. These findings reveal alterations in the colorectal cancer microbiota; however, the precise role of Fusobacteria in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
1,527 citations
TL;DR: Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism.
Abstract: By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.
1,431 citations