Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that phasing out AGPs may lead to increased use of therapeutic antimicrobials, promoting the prevalence and transmission of both antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and reducing the potential of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter transmission from pigs to humans.
Abstract: Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as feed additives to improve feed efficiency in food animals for more than six decades. However, the wide use of AGPs has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens of animal origin, posing a significant threat to food safety and public health. China prohibited the addition of AGPs to animal feed from July 2020. The impacts caused by the withdrawal of AGPs on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogens have not been illustrated. Here, a total of 471 strains of Campylobacter were isolated from pigs from three pig farms and two slaughterhouses in Sichuan Province for 4 consecutive years (2018–2021), including 2 years before and 2 years after the ban on AGPs in China. The isolation rate of Campylobacter had a slight increase after prohibiting the addition of AGPs to the feed. Contrary to what we expected, the antibiotic susceptibility test and WGS data showed that the antibiotic resistance to gentamicin and florfenicol and the abundance of virulence genes increased significantly after the ban of AGPs. Comparison of the isolates of swine origin with isolates of human origin indicated the potential of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter transmission from pigs to humans. These data suggested that phasing out AGPs may lead to increased use of therapeutic antimicrobials, promoting the prevalence and transmission of both antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
6 citations
Dissertation•
30 May 2016
TL;DR: This thesis is an extension of the MSc research, in which the capsule polysaccharide of the autism associated bacteria, C. bolteae, was discovered and the chemical synthesis of the C. jejuni serotype complex HS:5 was divulged.
Abstract: POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES FOR ENTERIC PATHOGENS: THE NEXT GENERATION MULTIVALENT DIARRHEA VACCINE Brittany Pequegnat Advisor: University of Guelph 2016 Professor Mario A Monteiro Diarrheal disease due to enteric pathogens is a global health problem and three major contributors are enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella flexneri and Campylobacter jejuni. The effects of some gastric infections also go beyond the intestinal tract, such as C. jejuni and its link to Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and the autism associated pathogen, Clostridium bolteae. The first section of this thesis is an extension of my MSc research, in which I discovered the capsule polysaccharide of the autism associated bacteria, C. bolteae. Here, I show the conjugation of the C. bolteae polysaccharide to a carrier protein in preparation for upcoming immunological testing. More significantly, I also divulge the chemical synthesis of the C. bolteae capsule polysaccharide non-reducing end terminus with an aminopentyl linker at the reducing end: α-D-Manp-(1→4)--D-Rhap-(1→O(CH2)5NH2. The capsule polysaccharide of a key representative strain of C. jejuni serotype complex HS:5 was fully characterized in this work. C. jejuni HS:5 capsule polysaccharide was determined to be highly complex composed of 3,6-dideoxy-α-D-ribo-heptopyranose, glucitol, α-D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose, MeOPN, and diester phosphate: Another interesting structural finding came from the analysis of an isogenic mutant of C. jejuni serotype HS:23/36 (PG3718), in which one of the two genes responsible for the addition of O-methyl-phosphoramidate (MeOPN) to the capsule polysaccharide was deactivated. In this case, the MeOPN was not connected to position 2 or 6 of galactose as in the wild-type strain, but to the 4 position of the said galactose. This isogenic strain was found to be more resistant to complement killing than the wild-type strain. Two other classes of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are also described in this work; those composed of (i) C. jejuni polysaccharides (from serotypes HS:4AB and HS:53) and diphtheria toxoid (CRM197), and (ii) S. flexneri polysaccharide and the ETEC protein CfaEB. These polysaccharide conjugate vaccines were made using a scheme developed in the Monteiro laboratory, where the polysaccharides were first stoichiometric oxidized at primary hydroxyls with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and bleach and then conjugated to the immunostimulatory protein. These polysaccharide conjugate vaccines were shown to be highly immunogenic (high IgG levels) in a mouse model and represent a next generation multivalent diarrhea vaccine.
6 citations
Cites background or result from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Other studies by the US-FBDASN also revealed that Campylobacter was the leading cause of travel-associated gastroenteritis, as well as the second most prevalent food-borne pathogen associated with non-travelassociated gastroenteritis [17, 85]....
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...jejuni infection is the highest risk factor for post-infectious IBS, when compared to Epstein-Barr virus and Salmonella infections [17]....
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...jejuni post-infectious IBS have been shown to last up to 10 years after the initial infectious event [17]....
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...In the year 2012 it was reported that there was an increase of 14% in the incidence of campylobacteriosis, when compared to the cases reported in 2006-2008 [17]....
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...Inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) refers to conditions of the GI tract that are related to chronic inflammation [17]....
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TL;DR: A more complete understanding of the posttranslational generation of disulfide bonds catalyzed by bacterial Dsb enzymes is attempted by thorough analysis of C8J_1298 functioning in vitro and in vivo, and it is shown that CjDsbD (C 8J_0565) is a C8 jdsbD redox partner.
Abstract: Posttranslational generation of disulfide bonds catalyzed by bacterial Dsb (disulfide bond) enzymes is essential for the oxidative folding of many proteins. Although we now have a good understanding of the Escherichia coli disulfide bond formation system, there are significant gaps in our knowledge concerning the Dsb systems of other bacteria, including Campylobacter jejuni, a food-borne, zoonotic pathogen. We attempted to gain a more complete understanding of the process by thorough analysis of C8J_1298 functioning in vitro and in vivo. C8J_1298 is a homodimeric thiol-oxidoreductase present in wild type (wt) cells, in both reduced and oxidized forms. The protein was previously described as a homolog of DsbC, and thus potentially should be active in rearrangement of disulfides. Indeed, biochemical studies with purified protein revealed that C8J_1298 shares many properties with EcDsbC. However, its activity in vivo is dependent on the genetic background, namely, the set of other Dsb proteins present in the periplasm that determine the redox conditions. In wt C. jejuni cells, C8J_1298 potentially works as a DsbG involved in the control of the cysteine sulfenylation level and protecting single cysteine residues from oxidation to sulfenic acid. A strain lacking only C8J_1298 is indistinguishable from the wild type strain by several assays recognized as the criteria to determine isomerization or oxidative Dsb pathways. Remarkably, in C. jejuni strain lacking DsbA1, the protein involved in generation of disulfides, C8J_1298 acts as an oxidase, similar to the homodimeric oxidoreductase of Helicobater pylori, HP0231. In E. coli, C8J_1298 acts as a bifunctional protein, also resembling HP0231. These findings are strongly supported by phylogenetic data. We also showed that CjDsbD (C8J_0565) is a C8J_1298 redox partner.
6 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Campylobacteriosis is now recognized as the most common zoonosis worldwide, and Campylobacter jejuni infections are the leading cause of this bacterial diarrheal disease in humans [31]....
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TL;DR: The degree of adhesion was evaluated, followed by characterization and quantification of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the resulting data showed that all isolates were able to form complex voluminous biofilmms after 24 h of cultivation.
Abstract: The microaerophilic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. Even though it has a reputation as a fastidious organism, C. jejuni is widespread and can be easily isolated from various animals, food, and environmental sources. It is suggested that an ability to form biofilms is probably necessary for the survival of C. jejuni under harsh environmental conditions. The first step required for successful biofilm formation is adhesion to a suitable surface. Therefore, in this work, the degree of adhesion was evaluated, followed by characterization and quantification of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A total of 15 isolates of C. jejuni were used in the experiments (12 isolates from surface and waste waters, 1 human clinical, 1 food and 1 ACTT BAA 2151 collection strain, all samples originated from the Czech Republic). Regardless of the sample origin, all C. jejuni isolates were able to adhere to the polystyrene surface within 30 minutes, with the number of attached cells increasing with the time of incubation. The resulting data showed that all isolates were able to form complex voluminous biofilms after 24 hours of cultivation. The average amount of biovolume ranged from 3.59 x 106 µm3 to 17.50 x 106 µm3 in isolates obtained from different sources of water, 16.79 x 106 µm3 in the food isolate and 10.92 x 106 µm3 in the collection strain. However, the highest amount of biomass was produced by the human clinical isolate (25.48 x 106 µm3). Similar to the quantity, the architecture of the biofilms also differed, from a rugged flat monolayer of cells to large clustered structures. Further, all isolates were tested for the presence of the luxS gene, as the luxS/AI-2 (autoinducer-2) quorum sensing pathway has been previously connected with enhanced biofilm formation. Two isolates originated from surface waters did not possess the luxS gene. These isolates formed thinner and sparser biofilms lacking the presence of significant clusters. However, the ability to adhere to the surface was preserved. The sequencing of the luxS-containing fragments shown a high similarity of the luxS gene among the isolates.
6 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...The most common species causing the human infection is Campylobacter jejuni (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: Generalized estimating equations (GEE) revealed that the increased rainfall and relative humidity were associated with the increase of Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks, while no relationship between ambient temperature and Campyloblacter colonization status was identified.
6 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...However, once they are colonized, Campylobacter rapidly proliferate and spread over the entire population (Kaakoush et al., 2015)....
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References
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University of Maryland, Baltimore1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Aga Khan University4, Medical Research Council5, University of Barcelona6, GlaxoSmithKline7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research9, University of Bergen10, Norwegian Institute of Public Health11, Royal Children's Hospital12
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
2,766 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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...In addition, in a prospective case-control study conducted between 1 December 2007 and 3 March 2011 to identify the etiology of diarrhea in children aged 0 to 59 months, C. jejuni was reported to be significantly associated July 2015 Volume 28 Number 3 cmr.asm.org 693Clinical Microbiology Reviews on M arch 21, 2021 by guest http://cm r.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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TL;DR: Two important processes have occurred to legitimize these conditions, and to increase attention toward the research and clinical care of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), a shift in conceptualizing these disorders from a disease-based, reductionistic model, to a more integrated, biopsychosocial model of illness.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue is verified by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects, and a positive association with lymph node metastasis is observed.
Abstract: An estimated 15% or more of the cancer burden worldwide is attributable to known infectious agents. We screened colorectal carcinoma and matched normal tissue specimens using RNA-seq followed by host sequence subtraction and found marked over-representation of Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences in tumors relative to control specimens. F. nucleatum is an invasive anaerobe that has been linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, but not to cancer. Fusobacteria are rare constituents of the fecal microbiota, but have been cultured previously from biopsies of inflamed gut mucosa. We obtained a Fusobacterium isolate from a frozen tumor specimen; this showed highest sequence similarity to a known gut mucosa isolate and was confirmed to be invasive. We verified overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects (p = 2.5 × 10(-6)), and we observed a positive association with lymph node metastasis.
1,535 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma is characterized using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs and Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs.
Abstract: The tumor microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma is a complex community of genomically altered cancer cells, nonneoplastic cells, and a diverse collection of microorganisms. Each of these components may contribute to carcinogenesis; however, the role of the microbiota is the least well understood. We have characterized the composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs. Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted in tumors. Fusobacteria were also visualized within colorectal tumors using FISH. These findings reveal alterations in the colorectal cancer microbiota; however, the precise role of Fusobacteria in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
1,527 citations
TL;DR: Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism.
Abstract: By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.
1,431 citations