Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: Testing 130 diarrheal pathogens from the USA, Peru, Egypt, Cambodia, and Kenya for the presence/absence of over 200 AMR determinants provides cross-comparable resistome information to establish regional trends in support of international surveillance activities and potentially guide geospatially informed medical care.
Abstract: Infectious diarrhea affects over four billion individuals annually and causes over a million deaths each year Though not typically prescribed for treatment of uncomplicated diarrheal disease, antimicrobials serve as a critical part of the armamentarium used to treat severe or persistent cases Due to widespread over- and misuse of antimicrobials, there has been an alarming increase in global resistance, for which a standardized methodology for geographic surveillance would be highly beneficial To demonstrate that a standardized methodology could be used to provide molecular surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, we initiated a pilot study to test 130 diarrheal pathogens (Campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella spp) from the USA, Peru, Egypt, Cambodia, and Kenya for the presence/absence of over 200 AMR determinants We detected a total of 55 different determinants conferring resistance to ten different categories of antimicrobials: genes detected in ≥ 25 samples included blaTEM, tet(A), tet(B), mac(A), mac(B), aadA1/A2, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, qacEΔ1, cmr, and dfrA1 The number of determinants per strain ranged from none (several Campylobacter spp strains) to sixteen, with isolates from Egypt harboring a wider variety and greater number of genes per isolate than other sites Two samples harbored carbapenemase genes, blaOXA-48 or blaNDM Genes conferring resistance to azithromycin (ere(A), mph(A)/mph(K), erm(B)), a first-line therapeutic for severe diarrhea, were detected in over 10% of all Enterobacteriaceae tested: these included >25% of the Enterobacteriaceae from Egypt and Kenya Forty-six percent of the Egyptian Enterobacteriaceae harbored genes encoding CTX-M-1 or CTX-M-9 families of extended-spectrum β-lactamases Overall, the data provide cross-comparable resistome information to establish regional trends in support of international surveillance activities and potentially guide geospatially informed medical care
6 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Though the true incidence of campylobacteriosis is poorly described, its global prevalence has risen in parallel with increasing resistance to commonly used antimicrobials [37,38]....
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TL;DR: The authors' results showed that each antimicrobial had a unique concentration-effect curve, and a mathematical model provided an alternative strategy to develop a new antimicrobial strategy.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial synergistic effect against Campylobacter jejuni, a leading foodborne pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis, by cinnamon oil, encapsulated curcumin, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). We compared three approaches to study the antimicrobial interactions, including the time-killing method, the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) method, and a mathematical concentration-effect model. Isobologram analysis was performed to evaluate the synergy in different combinations, and a median-effect equation was applied to identify the combinations of synergistic effects at median, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal reduction levels. The time-killing method overestimated the synergistic interaction between antimicrobials, while the FICI method failed to detect an existing synergistic phenomenon. This lack of accuracy and sensitivity was mainly due to combining antimicrobials without a deep understanding of their concentration-effect relationships. Our results showed that each antimicrobial had a unique concentration-effect curve. Specifically, encapsulated curcumin showed a sharp sigmoidal curve unlike cinnamon oil and zinc oxide nanoparticles. A mathematical model was applied to study the interaction between antimicrobials with a different shape of concentration-effect curve. We observed an additive effect of cinnamon oil/ZnO NPs and synergistic interactions of other binary combinations (cinnamon oil/encapsulated curcumin and ZnO NPs/encapsulated curcumin). The tertiary combination of cinnamon oil/ZnO NPs/encapsulated curcumin at IC25 (additive line <1-log CFU/mL) presented the greatest synergistic effect by reducing the bacterial population over 8-log CFU/mL. This mathematical model provided an alternative strategy to develop a new antimicrobial strategy.
6 citations
TL;DR: This protocol provides the techniques needed for isolation of Campylobacter from agricultural and environmental sources, as well as human clinical specimens, and describes a simple method for preparing high‐quality genomic DNA that can be used for whole‐genome sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses of Campyobacter genotypes.
Abstract: As a leading cause of bacterial-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, Campylobacter has a significant impact on human health. In the developed world, most campylobacteriosis cases are attributed to the consumption of undercooked, contaminated poultry; however, it has been shown that Campylobacter can be transmitted to humans through contaminated water and other types of food, including beef and milk. As such, high-resolution microbial source-tracking is essential for health department officials to determine the source(s) of Campylobacter outbreaks. For these reasons, this protocol provides the techniques needed for isolation of Campylobacter from agricultural and environmental sources, as well as human clinical specimens. Additionally, we describe a simple method for preparing high-quality genomic DNA that can be used for whole-genome sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses of Campylobacter genotypes. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6 citations
31 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Data show that C. jejuni in co-cultures with E. coli and L. monocytogenes present significantly higher risk than C.Jejuni as mono-cultURES, which need to be taken into account in risk evaluation.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate Campylobacter jejuni NTCT 11168 adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces when grown in co-culture with Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and/or Listeria monocytogenes 4b. Adhesion of C. jejuni to polystyrene and to Caco-2 cells and Acanthamoeba castellanii was lower for at least 3 log CFU/mL compared to E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections revealed interactions of C. jejuni with host cells. In co-culture with E. coli and L. monocytogenes, adhesion of C. jejuni to all tested surfaces was significantly increased for more than 1 log CFU/mL. There was 10% higher aggregation for C. jejuni than for other pathogens, and high co-aggregation of co-cultures of C. jejuni with E. coli and L. monocytogenes. These data show that C. jejuni in co-cultures with E. coli and L. monocytogenes present significantly higher risk than C. jejuni as mono-cultures, which need to be taken into account in risk evaluation. C. jejuni adhesion is a prerequisite for their colonization, biofilm formation, and further contamination of the environment. C. jejuni survival under adverse conditions as a factor in their pathogenicity and depends on their adhesion to different surfaces, not only as individual strains, but also in co-cultures with other bacteria like E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
6 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...Campylobacter adhesion thus contributes to the biofilms or biofouling formations that provide protected modes for bacterial growth and allow bacterial survival in hostile environments, whereby their physiology and behaviour are significantly different from their planktonic counterparts [1,3,11]....
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...According to the World Health Organisation, the incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis is still increasing in both developed and developing countries, which is mainly associated with the consumption of undercooked poultry meat products, and with outbreaks arising from contaminated water [1]....
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...Although there remain high levels of Campylobacter infections, these have not been brought under control and have instead showed significant increase over recent years [1,25]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used metagenomics analysis to determine the distribution and proportion of Campylobacter spp in the gut microbiota of wild mice using culture-independent methods.
Abstract: Campylobacter, the most common etiologic agent of zoonotic gastroenteritis in humans, is present in many reservoirs including livestock animals, wildlife, soil, and water Previously, we reported a novel Campylobacter jejuni strain SCJK02 (MLST ST-8388) from the gut of wild mice (Micromys minutus) using culture-dependent methods However, due to fastidious growth conditions and the presence of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter spp, it is unclear whether M minutus is a Campylobacter reservoir This study aimed to: 1) determine the distribution and proportion of Campylobacter spp in the gut microbiota of wild mice using culture-independent methods and 2) investigate the gut microbiota of wild mice and the relationship of Campylobacter spp with other gut microbes The gut microbiota of 38 wild mice captured from perilla fields in Korea and without any clinical symptoms (18 M minutus and 20 Mus musculus) were analyzed Metagenomic analysis showed that 778% (14 of 18) of the captured M minutus harbored Campylobacter spp (024-3292%) in the gut metagenome, whereas none of the captured M musculus carried Campylobacter spp in their guts Notably, 75% (6 of 8) of M minutus determined to be Campylobacter-negative using culture-dependent methods showed a high proportion of Campylobacter through metagenome analysis The results of metagenome analysis and the absence of clinical symptoms suggest that Campylobacter may be a component of the normal gut flora of wild M minutus Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that Campylobacter was the most enriched genus in the gut microbiota of M minutus (LDA score, 537), whereas Lactobacillus was the most enriched genus in M musculus (LDA score, -596) The differences in the presence of Campylobacter between the two species of wild mice may be attributed to the differential abundance of Campylobacter and Lactobacillus in their respective gut microbiota In conclusion, the results indicate that wild M minutus may serve as a potential Campylobacter reservoir This study presents the first metagenomics analysis of the M minutus gut microbiota to explore its possible role as an environmental Campylobacter reservoir and provides a basis for future studies using culture-independent methods to determine the role of environmental reservoirs in Campylobacter transmission
6 citations
References
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University of Maryland, Baltimore1, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Aga Khan University4, Medical Research Council5, University of Barcelona6, GlaxoSmithKline7, United States Department of Veterans Affairs8, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research9, University of Bergen10, Norwegian Institute of Public Health11, Royal Children's Hospital12
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.
2,766 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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...In addition, in a prospective case-control study conducted between 1 December 2007 and 3 March 2011 to identify the etiology of diarrhea in children aged 0 to 59 months, C. jejuni was reported to be significantly associated July 2015 Volume 28 Number 3 cmr.asm.org 693Clinical Microbiology Reviews on M arch 21, 2021 by guest http://cm r.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from with moderate to severe diarrhea in children from Kolkata, India, Mirzapur, Bangladesh, and Karachi, Pakistan (66)....
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TL;DR: Two important processes have occurred to legitimize these conditions, and to increase attention toward the research and clinical care of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), a shift in conceptualizing these disorders from a disease-based, reductionistic model, to a more integrated, biopsychosocial model of illness.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue is verified by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects, and a positive association with lymph node metastasis is observed.
Abstract: An estimated 15% or more of the cancer burden worldwide is attributable to known infectious agents. We screened colorectal carcinoma and matched normal tissue specimens using RNA-seq followed by host sequence subtraction and found marked over-representation of Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences in tumors relative to control specimens. F. nucleatum is an invasive anaerobe that has been linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, but not to cancer. Fusobacteria are rare constituents of the fecal microbiota, but have been cultured previously from biopsies of inflamed gut mucosa. We obtained a Fusobacterium isolate from a frozen tumor specimen; this showed highest sequence similarity to a known gut mucosa isolate and was confirmed to be invasive. We verified overabundance of Fusobacterium sequences in tumor versus matched normal control tissue by quantitative PCR analysis from a total of 99 subjects (p = 2.5 × 10(-6)), and we observed a positive association with lymph node metastasis.
1,535 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma is characterized using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs and Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs.
Abstract: The tumor microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma is a complex community of genomically altered cancer cells, nonneoplastic cells, and a diverse collection of microorganisms. Each of these components may contribute to carcinogenesis; however, the role of the microbiota is the least well understood. We have characterized the composition of the microbiota in colorectal carcinoma using whole genome sequences from nine tumor/normal pairs. Fusobacterium sequences were enriched in carcinomas, confirmed by quantitative PCR and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 95 carcinoma/normal DNA pairs, while the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were depleted in tumors. Fusobacteria were also visualized within colorectal tumors using FISH. These findings reveal alterations in the colorectal cancer microbiota; however, the precise role of Fusobacteria in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
1,527 citations
TL;DR: Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism.
Abstract: By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.
1,431 citations