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Journal ArticleDOI

Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection

01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data for GBS suggests that the immunologic mechanism can involve molecular mimicry, at least in some GBS variants, and it is likely that multiple mechanisms render the axon vulnerable.

925 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.

306 citations


Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."

  • ...…and it was proved that AgNPs are effective against multidrug resistant bacteria such as multidrug resistant E. coli (Paredes et al., 2014; Kar et al., 2016), multidrug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Durairaj et al., 2012), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status is reviewed.

296 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.

284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.

246 citations


Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."

  • ...could cause symptoms associated with campylobacteriosis, and 9 × 104 bacteria is considered the optimum infective dose [27]....

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  • ...Symptoms disappear within 5–7 days [27,51]....

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  • ...This movement is possible due to a single, polar flagellum positioned on one or both ends of the cell [27,28]....

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  • ...Possible complications include: peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS, neurological disorder characterised by weakness of limbs, possible involvement of respiratory muscles, anaemia, and sensory loss); reactive arthritis (REA, involving knees and ankles, occurring about a month after infection and developing for as long as 5 years); and functional intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [27,46,52,53]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differences in the microbial compositions of patients with mild disease and moderate to severe disease were identified and indicate that a combination of different bacterial species or a dynamic interplay between individual species is important for disease and is consistent with the dysbiosis hypothesis of CD.
Abstract: Microbial dysbiosis has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn9s disease (CD); however, many studies of gut microbial communities have been confounded by environmental and patient-related factors. In this study, the microbial flora of fecal samples from 19 children newly diagnosed with CD and 21 age-matched controls were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing to determine differences in the microbial composition between CD patients and controls. Analysis of the microbial composition of specific bacterial groups revealed that Firmicutes percentages were significantly lower in CD patients than in controls and that this was due largely to changes in the class Clostridia. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria percentages were higher and significantly higher in CD patients than in controls, respectively. Both the detection frequencies of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes correlated (positively and negatively, respectively) with the calculated pediatric Crohn9s disease activity index scores of patients. Upon further analysis, differences in the microbial compositions of patients with mild disease and moderate to severe disease were identified. Our findings indicate that a combination of different bacterial species or a dynamic interplay between individual species is important for disease and is consistent with the dysbiosis hypothesis of CD.

121 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Migration of inflammatory cells, in particular, duodenal CCR2-positive macrophages, may have an important function in the pathophysiology of postinfectious FD patients.

120 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Sep 2011-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: The high intestinal prevalence of C. concisus in patients with IBD, particularly in the proximal large intestine, suggests that future studies are needed to investigate the possible involvement of C.'s concisUS in a subgroup of human IBD.
Abstract: Introduction Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) A high prevalence of Campylobacter concisus was previously detected in paediatric CD and adult UC Currently, the prevalence of C concisus in adult CD and the preferential colonization sites of Campylobacter species in the human intestine are unknown In this study, we examined the prevalence of Campylobacter species in biopsies collected from multiple anatomic sites of adult patients with IBD and controls Methods Three hundred and one biopsies collected from ileum, caecum, descending colon and rectum of 28 patients IBD (15 CD and 13 UC) and 33 controls were studied Biopsies were used for DNA extraction and detection of Campylobacter species by PCR-sequencing and Campylobacter cultivation Results A significantly higher prevalence of C concisus in colonic biopsies of patients with CD (53%) was detected as compared with the controls (18%) Campylobacter genus-PCR positivity and C concisus positivity in patients with UC were 85% and 77% respectively, being significantly higher than that in the controls (48% and 36%) C concisus was more often detected in descending colonic and rectal biopsies from patients with IBD in comparison to the controls C concisus was isolated from patients with IBD Conclusion The high intestinal prevalence of C concisus in patients with IBD, particularly in the proximal large intestine, suggests that future studies are needed to investigate the possible involvement of C concisus in a subgroup of human IBD To our knowledge, this is the first report of the association between adult CD and C concisus as well as the first study of the preferential colonization sites of C concisus in the human intestine

118 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This investigation established a rare laboratory-confirmed link between a campylobacterosis outbreak and an environmental source and identified wild birds as an underrecognized source of produce contamination.
Abstract: Background. Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and most cases are identified as sporadic events rather than as parts of recognized outbreaks. We report findings from a substantial 2008 campylobacteriosis outbreak with general implications for fresh produce safety. Methods. We conducted a matched case-control study to determine the source of the outbreak and enhanced surveillance to identify additional cases. Clinical and environmental specimens were tested for Campylobacter, and isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results. By routine surveillance, we identified 63 cases of laboratory-confirmed infection. Only raw peas, consumed by 30 (67%) of 45 case-patients and by 15 (17%) of 90 control participants, were associated with illness (adjusted odds ratio: 8.2; P < .001). An additional 69 patients (26 laboratory-confirmed) who reported eating raw peas within 10 days of illness onset were identified through enhanced surveillance. In all, 5 cases were hospitalized, and Guillain-Barre syndrome developed in 1 case; none died. The implicated pea farm was located near a Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) stopover and breeding site. Of 36 environmental samples collected, 16 were positive for C. jejuni—14 crane-feces samples and 2 pea samples. We identified 25 unique combined SmaI-KpnI PFGE patterns among clinical isolates; 4 of these combined PFGE patterns identified in 15 of 55 human isolates were indistinguishable from PFGE patterns identified in environmental samples. Conclusions. This investigation established a rare laboratory-confirmed link between a campylobacterosis outbreak and an environmental source and identified wild birds as an underrecognized source of produce contamination.

117 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The prevalence of functional dyspepsia following infectious gastroenteritis has not been systematically reviewed and further research is needed to establish a causative mechanism.
Abstract: SummaryBackground The prevalence of functional dyspepsia (FD) following infectious gastroenteritis has not been systematically reviewed. Aim To conduct a systematic review and calculate the summary odds ratio (OR) for the development of FD following infectious gastroenteritis, as compared to a control population. Methods Published studies in PubMed, EmBASE, and Cochrane Database and abstracts from standard sources were screened for eligible studies. Data from studies meeting inclusion criteria were pooled for meta-analysis. Results Nineteen studies were eligible for inclusion. The mean prevalence of FD following acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was 9.55% (FD, n = 909; AGE, n = 9517) in adult populations. The summary OR for the development of post-infectious FD was 2.54 (95% CI = 1.76–3.65) at more than 6 months after AGE, as compared to the prevalence in controls within the same population. This is compared with the summary OR (3.51; 95% CI = 2.05–6.00) for the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the same population at more than 6 months after AGE. There was significant statistical heterogeneity with an I2 of 72.8% for the summary OR of post-infectious FD. Several pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Norovirus have been shown to be associated with post-infectious FD symptoms. Conclusions Infectious gastroenteritis is associated with an increased risk for subsequent dyspepsia as well as for irritable bowel syndrome. Post-infectious FD and post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome may represent different aspects of the same pathophysiology. Further studies will be needed to determine this.

116 citations