Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: The data for GBS suggests that the immunologic mechanism can involve molecular mimicry, at least in some GBS variants, and it is likely that multiple mechanisms render the axon vulnerable.
925 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
306 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...…and it was proved that AgNPs are effective against multidrug resistant bacteria such as multidrug resistant E. coli (Paredes et al., 2014; Kar et al., 2016), multidrug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Durairaj et al., 2012), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)…...
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TL;DR: The evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status is reviewed.
296 citations
TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.
284 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
246 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...could cause symptoms associated with campylobacteriosis, and 9 × 104 bacteria is considered the optimum infective dose [27]....
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...Symptoms disappear within 5–7 days [27,51]....
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...This movement is possible due to a single, polar flagellum positioned on one or both ends of the cell [27,28]....
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...Possible complications include: peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS, neurological disorder characterised by weakness of limbs, possible involvement of respiratory muscles, anaemia, and sensory loss); reactive arthritis (REA, involving knees and ankles, occurring about a month after infection and developing for as long as 5 years); and functional intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [27,46,52,53]....
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References
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TL;DR: In naive healthy adults, a single infection with CG8421 did not protect against campylobacteriosis, highlighting the importance of prior immunity, repeated exposures, and strain differences in protective immunity to C. jejuni.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni is among the most common causes of enteric infection worldwide, and its complex relationship with the human host is just starting to be understood. C. jejuni causes inflammatory enteritis manifested by diarrhea or dysentery, fever, and abdominal cramping. Asymptomatic infection/colonization is also common, as described in children after repeated exposure to C. jejuni in resource-poor countries [1, 2]. Recently, incidence estimates of 1 symptomatic or asymptomatic C. jejuni infection every 2 years have also been reported in adults in developed countries [2].
C. jejuni infections have strong associations with postinfectious sequelae, strain variability, and increasing resistance to antibiotics. These include the demyelinating neurologic syndrome Guillain-Barre, chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, and postinfectious arthritis [3–6]. The kinetics and composition of the human immune response to C. jejuni are poorly understood and difficult to evaluate in field settings because of the inability to know onset of infection, strain differences, and previous exposures. Human challenge models, in contrast, provide a controlled method to understand and define immunologic responses to infection and/or correlates of protection [7–9].
We and others have described the human challenge model development of C. jejuni, most recently using strain CG8421 [9]. This strain, which lacks ganglioside mimicry in its lipo-oligosaccaharide, replaced strain 81-176, which expresses ganglioside 2 and ganglioside 3 and was epidemiologically linked to Guillain-Barre [7, 10]. Previous human challenge studies with 81-176 and A3249 demonstrated that Campylobacter-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) are associated with resistance to clinical disease, suggesting these components might be important markers of protective immunity [7, 8].
To better define protective immunity to C. jejuni and to further develop the model, we challenged healthy, immunologically naive adults with C. jejuni CG8421 and then rechallenged subjects 3 months later with the same strain. As with previous challenge trials, this study was performed with the expectation that a primary infection would afford significant, if not complete, clinical protection after rechallenge [7, 8].
34 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...jejuni strain CG8421 failed to offer protection against a second bout of campylobacteriosis upon rechallenge with the same strain (8)....
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TL;DR: A patient with an actinomycotic chest wall mass from which large numbers of Wolinella recta and Actinomyces viscosus organisms were isolated is described, the first reported association of W. recta with extraoral infection and the tenth report of lung infection by A. viscosum.
Abstract: In this Note we describe a patient with an actinomycotic chest wall mass from which large numbers of Wolinella recta and Actinomyces viscosus organisms were isolated. This is the first reported association of W. recta with extraoral infection and the tenth report of lung infection by A. viscosus.
34 citations
TL;DR: Pericarditis and myocarditis are increasingly being recognised as sequelae of Campylobacter infection, and these presentations are important, as misdiagnosis may result in inappropriate thrombolysis or angioplasty, with potential accompanying complications.
33 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition of CmeABC may provide an effective means of reversing antibiotic resistance and decreasing the transmission of Campylobacter via the food chain, which would positively impact on public health by decreasing the morbidity, mortality and increased healthcare costs associated with the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Campyloblacter.
Abstract: Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. Poultry is the main reservoir of human infections. The widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture and veterinary medicine has resulted in the emergence of an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter strains that can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. Of particular concern to public health is the prevalence of resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones that are used in the treatment of life-threatening campylobacteriosis. The CmeABC efflux system has been shown to contribute to the intrinsic and acquired resistance to these antibiotics. In addition, by mediating resistance to bile, it is essential for colonization of the chicken gut in vivo. Inhibition of CmeABC may provide an effective means of reversing antibiotic resistance and decreasing the transmission of Campylobacter via the food chain. This would positively impact on public health by decreasing the morbidity, mortality and increased healthcare costs associated with the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.
33 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that Campylobacter concisus is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in children and isolated from biopsy specimens from children with Crohn's disease showed associations with C. jejuni.
Abstract: Zhang et al ([6][1]) presented data on the isolation and identification of Campylobacter species other than C jejuni from biopsy specimens from children with Crohn's disease Their data indicated that Campylobacter concisus is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in children We also
33 citations