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Journal ArticleDOI

Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection

01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data for GBS suggests that the immunologic mechanism can involve molecular mimicry, at least in some GBS variants, and it is likely that multiple mechanisms render the axon vulnerable.

925 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.

306 citations


Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."

  • ...…and it was proved that AgNPs are effective against multidrug resistant bacteria such as multidrug resistant E. coli (Paredes et al., 2014; Kar et al., 2016), multidrug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Durairaj et al., 2012), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status is reviewed.

296 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.

284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.

246 citations


Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."

  • ...could cause symptoms associated with campylobacteriosis, and 9 × 104 bacteria is considered the optimum infective dose [27]....

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  • ...Symptoms disappear within 5–7 days [27,51]....

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  • ...This movement is possible due to a single, polar flagellum positioned on one or both ends of the cell [27,28]....

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  • ...Possible complications include: peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS, neurological disorder characterised by weakness of limbs, possible involvement of respiratory muscles, anaemia, and sensory loss); reactive arthritis (REA, involving knees and ankles, occurring about a month after infection and developing for as long as 5 years); and functional intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [27,46,52,53]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Qualitative and quantitative German data obtained in the framework of specific monitoring programs and from routine surveillance are presented, which comprise recent data on antimicrobial resistances of food isolates and Campylobacter reduction strategies are recommended.
Abstract: Campylobacter is a poorly recognized foodborne pathogen, leading the statistics of bacterially caused human diarrhoea in Europe during the last years. In this review, we present qualitative and quantitative German data obtained in the framework of specific monitoring programs and from routine surveillance. These also comprise recent data on antimicrobial resistances of food isolates. Due to the considerable reduction of in vitro growth capabilities of stressed bacteria, there is a clear discrepancy between the detection limit of Campylobacter by cultivation and its infection potential. Moreover, antimicrobial resistances of Campylobacter isolates established during fattening of livestock are alarming, since they constitute an additional threat to human health. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) discusses the establishment of a quantitative limit for Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses in order to achieve an appropriate level of protection for consumers. Currently, a considerable amount of German broiler carcasses would not comply with this future criterion. We recommend Campylobacter reduction strategies to be focussed on the prevention of fecal contamination during slaughter. Decontamination is only a sparse option, since the reduction efficiency is low and its success depends on the initial contamination concentration

20 citations


"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...Similarly, in Germany, the prevalence of campylobacteriosis in 2011 was similar to the data from 2001; in contrast, over the same period, the prevalence of salmonellosis had decreased (48)....

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  • ...In 2011, there were 70,560 reported cases of campylobacteriosis, a prevalence higher than that reported for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Listeria infections (48)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis shows that prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers, with a 2-week lag, has a significant impact on disease incidence in humans, and cases in humans can be partly explained by contagion through broiler meat.
Abstract: Campylobacteriosis has been the most common food-associated notifiable infectious disease in Switzerland since 1995. Contact with and ingestion of raw or undercooked broilers are considered the dominant risk factors for infection. In this study, we investigated the temporal relationship between the disease incidence in humans and the prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers in Switzerland from 2008 to 2012. We use a time-series approach to describe the pattern of the disease by incorporating seasonal effects and autocorrelation. The analysis shows that prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers, with a 2-week lag, has a significant impact on disease incidence in humans. Therefore Campylobacter cases in humans can be partly explained by contagion through broiler meat. We also found a strong autoregressive effect in human illness, and a significant increase of illness during Christmas and New Year's holidays. In a final analysis, we corrected for the sampling error of prevalence in broilers and the results gave similar conclusions.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Further studies of the microbial diversity in the previously ignored niche of intensively reared poultry drinking water systems are required, along with subsequent in vitro co-culture assays of the detected protozoa and bacterial strains.
Abstract: The diversity of eukaryotic populations, in particular protozoa, in the water supplies of intensively reared broilers has not been previously studied. This important food-rearing environment was screened for the molecular diversity of eukaryotes by the analysis of PCR-amplified 18S rRNA. DNA was extracted from filtered water samples that were collected from the poultry drinking water systems of five farms. The total genomic DNA was used to produce rRNA-PCR amplicons, which, with the application of TTGE, provided an overview of the eukaryotic population diversity. The rRNA-PCR amplicons were then used to generate 34 random clones that were subject to comparative sequence analysis. Twenty-five of the clones (73.5%) showed high similarity with yeasts and fungi (>92%) and 9 clones demonstrated similarity (>86%) with certain protozoan groups, including flagellates and alveolates. Further studies of the microbial diversity in the previously ignored niche of intensively reared poultry drinking water systems are required, along with subsequent in vitro co-culture assays of the detected protozoa and bacterial strains.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The number of reported Campylobacter cases exceeded those of Shigella but were less than those of Salmonella, and increased steadily with each year, and the highest isolation rate was found in children 1-4 years of age.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of the incidence of Campylobacter enteritis in Barbados was undertaken from January 2000 to August 2003. Diarrheal stools received by the central public health laboratory were cultured for Campylobacter. The number of reported Campylobacter cases exceeded those of Shigella but were less than those of Salmonella, and increased steadily with each year. Isolates from stools were mainly C. jejuni (63.6%) and C. coli (31.8%). The highest isolation rate was found in children 1-4 years of age (40.8%), followed by infants less than 1 year of age (16.9%) and those 5-9 years of age (11.3%). The number of reported cases was higher in March, from June to August, and in November and December. There was no correlation between incidence and either rainfall, temperature, or humidity. Further epidemiologic investigation of this disease is needed to evaluate risk factors for Campylobacter infection and determine routes of transmission in Barbados.

20 citations


"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper

  • ...4 per 100,000 inhabitants—an incidence which had doubled in 2002 (42)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Campylobacter spp.–related gastroenteritis in diners at a catering college restaurant was associated with consumption of duck liver pâté, and population genetic analysis indicated that isolates from duck samples were typical of isolate from farmed poultry.
Abstract: Campylobacter­ spp.–related gastroenteritis in diners at a catering college restaurant was associated with consumption of duck liver pâte. Population genetic analysis indicated that isolates from duck samples were typical of isolates from farmed poultry. Campylobacter spp. contamination of duck liver may present a hazard similar to the increasingly recognized contamination of chicken liver.

20 citations