Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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TL;DR: The data for GBS suggests that the immunologic mechanism can involve molecular mimicry, at least in some GBS variants, and it is likely that multiple mechanisms render the axon vulnerable.
925 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
306 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...…and it was proved that AgNPs are effective against multidrug resistant bacteria such as multidrug resistant E. coli (Paredes et al., 2014; Kar et al., 2016), multidrug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Durairaj et al., 2012), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)…...
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TL;DR: The evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status is reviewed.
296 citations
TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.
284 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
246 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...could cause symptoms associated with campylobacteriosis, and 9 × 104 bacteria is considered the optimum infective dose [27]....
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...Symptoms disappear within 5–7 days [27,51]....
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...This movement is possible due to a single, polar flagellum positioned on one or both ends of the cell [27,28]....
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...Possible complications include: peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS, neurological disorder characterised by weakness of limbs, possible involvement of respiratory muscles, anaemia, and sensory loss); reactive arthritis (REA, involving knees and ankles, occurring about a month after infection and developing for as long as 5 years); and functional intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [27,46,52,53]....
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References
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TL;DR: It was established that localization of the highest contamination is connected mainly with presence of municipal sewage and in less extent with the presence of the droppings of wild animals, whereas the contamination of the underwater objects is less prevalent.
Abstract: The presence of thermotolerant Campylobacter in rivers and lakes of Warsaw region was examined with the detectability of 1 c.f.u./ml. Samples were taken from depth of water and from the surface of different objects deposited on the bottom. The results indicate that about 70% of water samples are contaminated with Campylobacter, whereas the contamination of the underwater objects is less prevalent. The species distribution was as follows: C. jejuni-65%, C. coli-22%, C. lari-13%. In vitro experiment was also performed to test the ability of Campylobacter to create biofilms on the surface of wood, metal and plastic, however no such property was revealed. From the analysis of presented results it was established that localization of the highest contamination is connected mainly with presence of municipal sewage and in less extent with the presence of the droppings of wild animals. The samples of water give the better reflection of the examined reservoir contamination than solid samples.
18 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that Italian commercial turkeys might be widely colonized by different genotypes of C. jejuni and C. coli and also suggest that differences in the distribution and epidemiologic dynamics of these microorganisms might occur among flocks.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Poultry are recognized as a main reservoir of thermophilic campylobacters, but few studies have been carried out on commercial meat turkeys. This study was aimed at assessing the occurrence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp., their genetic diversity, and the trend of the infection during the whole production cycle of three turkey flocks from different farms in Northern Italy. Flocks were monitored from the time of housing 1-day-old poults to slaughter time by collecting samples (meconium and cloacal swabs) at weekly intervals up to the recovery of Campylobacter spp. and then twice a month. A conventional culture method and a multiplex PCR assay were used for Campylobacter detection and identification. A subset of isolates was genetically characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) and flagellin gene A short variable region (flaA-SVR) sequencing. Although at different times, all flocks became colonized by Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli (or both) that persisted thro...
18 citations
TL;DR: The administration of single oral dose of azithromycin 30 mg/kg early after disease onset effectively eradicates the pathogen and accelerates clinical cure in childhood Campylobacter enterocolitis.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate efficacy of a single oral azithromycin dose versus standard oral erythromycin regimen or no antibiotic for Campylobacter enterocolitis in children younger than or equal to 12 years of age
Patients and methods: Randomized parallel group assessor-blind trial testing for inequality in efficacy between treatments was done Patients (N = 120) were enrolled at less than or equal to 48 hours since disease onset to receive erythromycin 50 mg kg day for 5 days, single-dose azithromycin 20 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, or no antibiotic (no treatment control) (1: 1: 1: 1) Antibiotics were commenced 8 to 10 hours after enrollment Patients were assessed at 24-hour intervals for 6 days
Results: In the intent-to-treat analysis, Campylobacter eradication was achieved in 20 of 30 controls and in all of the patients treated with antibiotic Incidence of clinical cure during the observed period was 15 of 30 in the control, 14 of 30 in the erythromycin, 20 of 30 in the lower, and 25 of 30 in the higher azithromycin dose group With adjustment for age, sex, baseline disease severity, and disease duration before enrollment, only azithromycin 30 mg/kg was superior to no treatment: incidence ratio (IR) 176 (95% confidence interval [CI] 111-287) It was also superior to erythromycin (IR 180, 975% CI 113-284) Regarding time to clinical cure, only azithromycin 30 mg/kg was superior to no treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 490, 95% CI 244-984) It was also superior to erythromycin (HR 417, 975% CI 191-909) All treatments were well tolerated
Conclusions: The administration of single oral dose of azithromycin 30 mg/kg early after disease onset effectively eradicates the pathogen and accelerates clinical cure in childhood Campylobacter enterocolitis It is clinically superior to an early commenced 5-day erythromycin regimen, which apparently conveys no clinically relevant benefit over no antibiotic treatment
18 citations
TL;DR: A retrospective cohort study among students, teachers, and food handlers exposed to canteen food in the middle school was performed, indicating the likelihood that undercooked chicken was provided in the catering kitchen.
Abstract: On July 6, 2009, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among middle school students in Incheon. An investigation to identify the source and describe the extent of the outbreak was conducted. A retrospective cohort study among students, teachers, and food handlers exposed to canteen food in the middle school was performed. Using self-administered questionnaires, information was collected concerning on symptoms, days that canteen food was consumed, and food items consumed. Stool samples were collected from 66 patients and 11 food handlers. The catering kitchen was inspected and food samples were taken. Of the 791 people who ate canteen food, 92 cases became ill, representing an attack rate of 11.6%. Thirty-one (40.3%) of the 77 stool specimens were positive for Campylobacter jejuni. Interviews with kitchen staff indicated the likelihood that undercooked chicken was provided. This is the first recognized major C. jejuni outbreak associated with contaminated chicken documented in Korea.
17 citations
TL;DR: A rapid outbreak investigation with collaboration between several organizations and the venue led to identification of the most probable source of Campylobacter and Salmonella, and a strong association was found between illness and consumption of chicken liver pâté, supporting the hypothesis that chicken liverpâtÉ was the most likely cause of the outbreak.
Abstract: Background In October 2009, a dual-pathogen outbreak of Campylobacter and Salmonella occurred in which 59 cases were identified among guests attending a regional conference in the North of England. The mean symptomatic period was 5.4 days ( confidence intervals: 4.4–6.4), and over 84% of the cases had abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Methods A retrospective cohort study was used to investigate the outbreak, and active case-finding was performed through the conference organizers and environmental health officers. A focused questionnaire was distributed to all guests via the event organizers 10 days after the conference. Results Response rate among guests was 61% (107/175). A cohort study was undertaken, and a strong association was found between illness and
17 citations