Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection
01 Jul 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 28, Iss: 3, pp 687-720
TL;DR: Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come.
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The data for GBS suggests that the immunologic mechanism can involve molecular mimicry, at least in some GBS variants, and it is likely that multiple mechanisms render the axon vulnerable.
925 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
306 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...…and it was proved that AgNPs are effective against multidrug resistant bacteria such as multidrug resistant E. coli (Paredes et al., 2014; Kar et al., 2016), multidrug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Durairaj et al., 2012), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)…...
[...]
TL;DR: The evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status is reviewed.
296 citations
TL;DR: Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.
284 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
Abstract: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
246 citations
Cites background from "Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..."
...could cause symptoms associated with campylobacteriosis, and 9 × 104 bacteria is considered the optimum infective dose [27]....
[...]
...Symptoms disappear within 5–7 days [27,51]....
[...]
...This movement is possible due to a single, polar flagellum positioned on one or both ends of the cell [27,28]....
[...]
...Possible complications include: peripheral neuropathies, including the Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS, neurological disorder characterised by weakness of limbs, possible involvement of respiratory muscles, anaemia, and sensory loss); reactive arthritis (REA, involving knees and ankles, occurring about a month after infection and developing for as long as 5 years); and functional intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [27,46,52,53]....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: The data suggest that successful permanent colonization of the gut by Campylobacter is probably related to constant exposure of piglets to Campyloblacter-positive feces, and that campylobacteria prevalence may be diminished in neonates that are reared off-sow in isolated nurseries.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, eine 22-year-old woman with plotzlich aufgetretenen linksthorakalen Schmerzen berichtet, in der aufgrund eines Transaminasenanstiegs durchgefuhrten Leberbiopsie konnten durch den Erreger bedingte Veranderungen nachgewiesen werden.
Abstract: Eine Infektion mit Campylobacter-jejuni kann zu verschiedenen extraintestinalen Manifestationen fuhren. Eine Myo-/Perikarditis und eine toxische Hepatitis sind in Einzelfallen beschrieben. Ein kombiniertes Auftreten dieser Komplikationen ist bisher nicht bekannt. Es wird uber eine 22-jahrige Patientin mit plotzlich aufgetretenen linksthorakalen Schmerzen berichtet. Bei einem Anstieg von Troponin T, Kreatinkinase und Myoglobin und sonst fehlendem Anhalt fur eine Ischamie musste von einer Myokarditis ausgegangen werden. Bei seit 5 Tagen bestehender Diarrho gelang der Nachweis von Campylobacter-jejuni. In der aufgrund eines Transaminasenanstiegs durchgefuhrten Leberbiopsie konnten durch den Erreger bedingte Veranderungen nachgewiesen werden. Bei steigender Haufigkeit der Infektionen mit Campylobacter-jejuni soll auf die extraintestinalen Komplikationen aufmerksam gemacht werden.
9 citations
TL;DR: The statement, “these species are unlikely causes of diarrhea,” should be taken under advisement, and a strong seasonal prevalence of C. concisus in healthy volunteers and patients with diarrheal illness is reported.
Abstract: To the Editor: Cornelius et al. (1) addressed the potential of Campylobacter ureolyticus as an emerging pathogen by conducting a molecular study on 128 diarrheal specimens and 49 fecal samples from healthy volunteers. Reporting the identification of C. ureolyticus in 12 (24.5%) of 49 healthy volunteers, a number that they compared with our finding of 349 (23.8%) from Campylobacter spp.–positive samples (2), the authors concluded that C. ureolyticus species “are unlikely causes of diarrhea,” an assertion with which we take issue.
This interpretation does not take into account that our screening involved 7,194 symptomatic patients: a sample size 40× greater than that of Cornelius et al. In this context, the likely carriage rate for C. ureolyticus is 1.15%. Also, our assay, which has a limit of detection in the picomolar range, is likely comparable with, if not greater than, that of Cornelius et al. (1).
Accounting for variations in geographic location and detection methods, a detection rate of 24.5% in healthy volunteers (overall detection rate 14.7%) is high in contrast to our reported rate of 1.15%. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that Cornelius et al. “did not specifically exclude volunteers who had had gastrointestinal disturbances in the 10 days before sampling,” Campylobacter can be shed in feces for <4 weeks after infection. Also, Cornelius et al. (1) noted the possibility of “genetically distinct but phenotypically indistinguishable genomospecies differing in their pathogenic potential” to account for the presence of the emerging pathogen C. concisus in healthy volunteers and patients with diarrheal illness. This may also apply for C. ureolyticus.
We reported a strong seasonal prevalence of C. ureolytcius and a bimodal age distribution (2). The lack of any related details from Cornelius et al. may undermine their reported detection rates. These factors strongly suggest that the statement, “these species are unlikely causes of diarrhea,” should, at the very least, be taken under advisement.
9 citations
"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacte..." refers background in this paper
...A study from New Zealand suggested that emerging Campylobacter species are not associated with gastroenteritis cases (75)....
[...]
...1%) were detected in samples from both patients and healthy controls, with similar frequencies (75)....
[...]
TL;DR: An English traveller, aged 43, attended a hospital in Benidorm (Spain) complaining of chest pain and electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes were not normal, and the coproculture yielded Campylobacter jejunii, an exceptional complication of gastroenteritis masquerading as acute myocardial infarction or leading to congestive heart failure.
9 citations
TL;DR: It is found that 45% of Salmonella and 17% of Campylobacter infections in England were travel-associated, but only 29 and 3% of travel histories were accurately identified by national laboratory surveillance.
Abstract: Increased international travel raises the importance of accurate surveillance of travel-associated gastroenteric pathogens to improve treatment and the investigation of cross-border outbreaks. This study found that 45% of Salmonella and 17% of Campylobacter infections in England were travel-associated, but only 29 and 3% of travel histories were accurately identified by national laboratory surveillance. More structured data collection forms and staff training may be needed to address this.
9 citations