Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find that only 55 countries have data available on all three aspects of wastewater -generation, treatment, and use, while there is no information available from 57 countries.
About: This article is published in Agricultural Water Management.The article was published on 2013-12-01. It has received 490 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Wastewater.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of negative emissions technologies (NETs) is presented, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration.
Abstract: The most recent IPCC assessment has shown an important role for negative emissions technologies (NETs) in limiting global warming to 2 °C cost-effectively. However, a bottom-up, systematic, reproducible, and transparent literature assessment of the different options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is currently missing. In part 1 of this three-part review on NETs, we assemble a comprehensive set of the relevant literature so far published, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration. In this part, part 2 of the review, we present estimates of costs, potentials, and side-effects for these technologies, and qualify them with the authors' assessment. Part 3 reviews the innovation and scaling challenges that must be addressed to realise NETs deployment as a viable climate mitigation strategy. Based on a systematic review of the literature, our best estimates for sustainable global NET potentials in 2050 are 0.5–3.6 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for afforestation and reforestation, 0.5–5 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for BECCS, 0.5–2 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for biochar, 2–4 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for enhanced weathering, 0.5–5 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for DACCS, and up to 5 GtCO2 yr⁻¹ for soil carbon sequestration. Costs vary widely across the technologies, as do their permanency and cumulative potentials beyond 2050. It is unlikely that a single NET will be able to sustainably meet the rates of carbon uptake described in integrated assessment pathways consistent with 1.5 °C of global warming.
772 citations
Cites background from "Global, regional, and country level..."
...Assuming an average BOD of 0.35 and 0.5 g L−1 for domestic and industrial wastewater, respectively, global potential for CO2 storage via wastewater treatment is estimated at 220 MtCO2 per year (Sato et al 2013)....
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TL;DR: This review highlights the advances in the use of MOFs in the elimination (adsorption and/or degradation) of EOCs from water, classifying them by the nature of the contaminant.
Abstract: Water is essential in all aspects of life, being the defining characteristic of our planet and even our body. Regrettably, water pollution is increasingly becoming a challenge due to novel anthropogenic pollutants. Of particular concern are emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), the term used not only to cover newly developed compounds but also compounds newly discovered as contaminants in the environment. Aside from anthropogenic contamination, higher temperature and more extreme and less predictable weather conditions are projected to affect water availability and distribution. Therefore, wastewater treatment has to become a valuable water resource and its reuse is an important issue that must be carried out efficiently. Among the novel technologies considered in water remediation processes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are regarded as promising materials for the elimination of EOCs since they present many properties that commend them in water treatment: large surface area, easy functionalizable cavities, some are stable in water, and synthesized at large scale, etc. This review highlights the advances in the use of MOFs in the elimination (adsorption and/or degradation) of EOCs from water, classifying them by the nature of the contaminant.
542 citations
13 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the uptake of different microplastics by crop plants (wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from treated wastewater in hydroponic cultures and in sand matrices or a sandy soil.
Abstract: Most microplastics are emitted, either directly or via the degradation of plastics, to the terrestrial environment and accumulate in large amounts in soils, representing a potential threat to terrestrial ecosystems. It is very important to evaluate the uptake of microplastics by crop plants because of the ubiquity of microplastics in wastewaters often used for agricultural irrigation worldwide. Here, we analyse the uptake of different microplastics by crop plants (wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)) from treated wastewater in hydroponic cultures and in sand matrices or a sandy soil. Our results provide evidence in support of submicrometre- and micrometre-sized polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate particles penetrating the stele of both species using the crack-entry mode at sites of lateral root emergence. This crack-entry pathway and features of the polymeric particles lead to the efficient uptake of submicrometre plastic. The plastic particles were subsequently transported from the roots to the shoots. Higher transpiration rates enhanced the uptake of plastic particles, showing that the transpirational pull was the main driving force of their movement. Our findings shed light on the modes of plastic particle interaction with plants and have implications for crops grown in fields contaminated with wastewater treatment discharges or sewage sludges. The presence of microplastics in wastewaters used for irrigation highlights the urgency of analysing the possible uptake of microplastics by crop plants. This study shows that submicrometre and micrometre plastic particles from treated wastewater enter the steles of crop plants via a crack entry at sites of lateral root emergence.
483 citations
Tsinghua University1, Southwest University2, University of Oklahoma3, Newcastle University4, Northeastern University (China)5, Washington University in St. Louis6, University of Vienna7, Northwestern University8, Chinese Academy of Sciences9, Shandong University10, University of Hong Kong11, Sun Yat-sen University12, University of Queensland13, Aalborg University14, Rice University15, Stanford University16, Michigan State University17, University of Tennessee18, University of Washington19, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory20, Arizona State University21
TL;DR: Global sampling of microbial communities associated with wastewater treatment plants and application of ecological theory revealed a small, core bacterial community associated with performance and provides insights into the community dynamics in this environment.
Abstract: Microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for water purification to protect public and environmental health. However, the diversity of microorganisms and the factors that control it are poorly understood. Using a systematic global-sampling effort, we analysed the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from ~1,200 activated sludge samples taken from 269 WWTPs in 23 countries on 6 continents. Our analyses revealed that the global activated sludge bacterial communities contain ~1 billion bacterial phylotypes with a Poisson lognormal diversity distribution. Despite this high diversity, activated sludge has a small, global core bacterial community (n = 28 operational taxonomic units) that is strongly linked to activated sludge performance. Meta-analyses with global datasets associate the activated sludge microbiomes most closely to freshwater populations. In contrast to macroorganism diversity, activated sludge bacterial communities show no latitudinal gradient. Furthermore, their spatial turnover is scale-dependent and appears to be largely driven by stochastic processes (dispersal and drift), although deterministic factors (temperature and organic input) are also important. Our findings enhance our mechanistic understanding of the global diversity and biogeography of activated sludge bacterial communities within a theoretical ecology framework and have important implications for microbial ecology and wastewater treatment processes.
423 citations
TL;DR: Data provided here demonstrate this approach to save money, be broadly applicable worldwide, and potentially aid in precision management of the pandemic, thereby helping to accelerate the global economic recovery that billions of people rely upon for their livelihoods.
411 citations
References
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TL;DR: Molden et al. as discussed by the authors presented a comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture, focusing on water for food, water for life, and water for the future of agriculture.
Abstract: In Molden, David (Ed.). Water for food, water for life: a Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London, UK: Earthscan; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
1,931 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed water scarcity indicators and global assessments based on these indicators and found that water is definitely physically scarce in densely populated arid areas, Central and West Asia, and North Africa, with projected availabilities of less than 1,000 cubic meters per capita per year.
1,107 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present guidelines for those wishing to plan develop revise expand or manage water reclamation and reuse facilities, focusing on reclamation of nonpotable urban industrial and agricultural reuse about which little controversy exists.
Abstract: With many communities throughout the world approaching or reaching the limits of their available water supplies water reclamation and reuse has become an attractive option for conserving and extending available water resources. However there are no national or international standards for doing so. This book presents guidelines for those wishing to plan develop revise expand or manage water reclamation and reuse facilities. It focuses on reclamation of nonpotable urban industrial and agricultural reuse about which little controversy exists. It is intended primarily for a US audience but includes a chapter on reuse issues and programs overseas. Also attention is given to augmentation of potable water supplies by indirect reuse. Because direct potable reuse is not currently practiced in the US only a brief overview is provided. Following the introduction chapter two provides an overview of the technical issues in planning water reuse systems. A discussion on the types of reuse applications is provided in chapter three. Chapter four focuses on water reuse regulations and guidelines in the US. Chapter five deals with the legal and institutional issues of water reuse. Chapters six and seven provide details on funding alternatives and public information programs respectively. Finally chapter eight presents a discussion on water reuse outside the US.
1,057 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp. 59–71, of Elsevier Inc.
Abstract: Reliable, comparable information about the main causes of disease and injury in populations, and how these are changing, is a critical input for debates about priorities in the health sector. Traditional sources of information about the descriptive epidemiology of diseases, injuries, and risk factors are generally incomplete, fragmented, and of uncertain reliability and comparability. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study has provided a conceptual and methodological framework to quantify and compare the health of populations using a summary measure of both mortality and disability, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY). This article describes key features of the Global Burden of Disease analytic approach, the evolution of the GBD starting from the first study for the year 1990, and summarizes the methodological improvements incorporated into GBD revisions carried out by the World Health Organization. It also reviews controversies and criticisms, and examines priorities and issues for future GBD updates.
1,011 citations
TL;DR: Saving the lives of millions of children at risk of death from diarrhoea is possible with a comprehensive strategy that ensures all children in need receive critical prevention and treatment measures.
980 citations