Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Theo Vos1, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate2, Cristiana Abbafati3 +775 more•Institutions (305)
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.
About: This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2017-09-16 and is currently open access. It has received 10401 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mortality rate.
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TL;DR: The remarkable reduction in cardiovascular mortality, major CV events, hospitalization for heart failure, and death from any cause observed over a period of 2.6 years in patients with T2D and high CV risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial involving the S GLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (Empa) have raised the possibility that potential novel, more specific mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibition synergize with the known modest systemic improvements, such as gly
Abstract: Diabetes is a global epidemic and a leading cause of death with more than 422 million patients worldwide out of whom around 392 million alone suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are novel and effective drugs in managing glycemia of T2D patients. These inhibitors gained recent clinical and basic research attention due to their clinically observed cardiovascular protective effects. Although interest in the study of various SGLT isoforms and the effect of their inhibition on cardiovascular function extends over the past 20 years, an explanation of the effects observed clinically based on available experimental data is not forthcoming. The remarkable reduction in cardiovascular (CV) mortality (38%), major CV events (14%), hospitalization for heart failure (35%), and death from any cause (32%) observed over a period of 2.6 years in patients with T2D and high CV risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial involving the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (Empa) have raised the possibility that potential novel, more specific mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibition synergize with the known modest systemic improvements, such as glycemic, body weight, diuresis, and blood pressure control. Multiple studies investigated the direct impact of SGLT2i on the cardiovascular system with limited findings and the pathophysiological role of SGLTs in the heart. The direct impact of SGLT2i on cardiac homeostasis remains controversial, especially that SGLT1 isoform is the only form expressed in the capillaries and myocardium of human and rodent hearts. The direct impact of SGLT2i on the cardiovascular system along with potential lines of future research is summarized in this review.
77 citations
TL;DR: Low BACE1-AS level in plasma may serve as a potent blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease, and ROC curve analysis revealed that lncRNA BACE2-AS may discriminate pre-AD and healthy control, full-ADS and healthy controls, and pre- AD and full-AD subgroups.
Abstract: Circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) might serve as biomarkers for different pathological conditions. BACE1-AS lncRNA upregulates in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and might be detected in the bloodstream. To reveal if lncRNA BACE1-AS may serve as a blood-based biomarker for AD, we compared its levels in plasma and plasma-derived exosomes between AD (n = 45) and healthy people (n = 36). Exosomes were purified from plasma by Invitrogen™ Total Exosome Isolation Kit and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Total RNA was extracted from whole plasma, and plasma-derived exosomes using TRIzol® LS or TRIzol® Reagents respectively were then reverse transcribed to the cDNA using PrimeScript II cDNA synthesis kit. The BACE1-AS levels were quantified by real-time PCR, and their biomarker potencies were evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Results obtained verified the presence of BACE1-AS in the plasma samples of both AD and healthy controls. We did not observe any significant differences between the levels of BACE1-AS in the plasma or plasma-derived exosomes of AD and control people. However, there were significant differences between AD subgroups and control in the whole plasma samples. The BACE1-AS level was low in pre-AD subgroup but it was high in full-AD people compared to the healthy controls. Moreover, ROC curve analysis revealed that lncRNA BACE1-AS may discriminate pre-AD and healthy control (75% sensitivity and 100% specificity), full-AD and healthy control (68% sensitivity and 100% specificity), and pre-AD and full-AD subgroups (78% sensitivity and 100% specificity), highlighting its potential as a biomarker for AD development. In conclusion, plasma BACE1-AS level may serve as a potent blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.
76 citations
TL;DR: The original severity classification has been replaced by a much simpler risk classification (low or high risk), on the basis of lung function, dyspnea grade, and history of exacerbations, while determination of clinical phenotype is recommended only in high-risk patients.
Abstract: The clinical presentation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) varies widely, so treatment must be tailored according to the level of risk and phenotype In 2012, the Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC) first established pharmacological treatment regimens based on clinical phenotypes This approach was subsequently adopted by other national guidelines, and since then, have been backed up by new evidence In this 2017 update, the original severity classification has been replaced by a much simpler risk classification (low or high risk), on the basis of lung function, dyspnea grade, and history of exacerbations, while determination of clinical phenotype is recommended only in high-risk patients The same clinical phenotypes have been maintained: non-exacerbator, asthma-COPD overlap (ACO), exacerbator with emphysema, and exacerbator with chronic bronchitis Pharmacological treatment of COPD is based on bronchodilators, the only treatment recommended in low-risk patients High-risk patients will receive different drugs in addition to bronchodilators, depending on their clinical phenotype GesEPOC reflects a more individualized approach to COPD treatment, according to patient clinical characteristics and level of risk or complexity
76 citations
TL;DR: A review of the research progress, pathogenesis, and treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can be found in this article, where the authors mainly review the progress and pathogenesis of MDD, including drug therapy, psychotherapy and neuromodulation technology.
Abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD), also referred to as depression, is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a high economic burden. The etiology of depression is still not clear, but it is generally believed that MDD is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of social, psychological, and biological aspects. Therefore, there is no exact pathological theory that can independently explain its pathogenesis, involving genetics, neurobiology, and neuroimaging. At present, there are many treatment measures for patients with depression, including drug therapy, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation technology. In recent years, great progress has been made in the development of new antidepressants, some of which have been applied in the clinic. This article mainly reviews the research progress, pathogenesis, and treatment of MDD.
76 citations
TL;DR: The national cancer registration data in 2011 was used to estimate the incidence and mortality of laryngeal cancer within China and it was found that larynx is a specialized area and cancer oflarynx significantly affects the quality of life for the patients.
Abstract: Objective: Laryngeal cancer is the common cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. We aimed to use the national cancer registration data in 2011 to estimate the incidence and mortality of laryngeal cancer within China.
Methods: Comparable, high-quality data from 177 population-based cancer registries were qualified for analysis. The pooled data were stratified by area, sex and age group. National new cases and deaths of laryngeal cancer were estimated using age-specific rates and national population in 2010. All incidence and death rates were age-standardized to the 2000 Chinese standard population and Segi’s population, which were expressed per 100,000 populations.
Results: All 177 cancer registries covered a total of 175,310,169 population (98,341,507 in urban and 76,968,662 in rural areas), accounting for 13.01% of the national population. The data quality indicators of proportion of morphological verification (MV%), percentage of cancer cases identified with death certification only (DCO%) and mortality to incidence ratio (M/I) were 77.98%, 2.62% and 0.55, respectively. Estimated 20,875 new cases of laryngeal cancer were diagnosed and 11,488 deaths from laryngeal cancer occurred in China in 2011. The crude incidence rate of laryngeal cancer was 1.55/100,000 (2.69/100,000 in males and 0.35/100,000 in females). Age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 1.13/100,000 and 1.14/100,000, respectively. Laryngeal cancer is much rarer in females than in males. The incidence rate was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas. The crude mortality rate of laryngeal cancer was 0.85/100,000 (1.42/100,000 in males and 0.25/100,000 in females). Age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were both 0.61/100,000. The mortality rate in males was much higher than that in females. There was no definite difference in mortality rates of laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas.
Conclusions: Larynx is a specialized area and cancer of larynx significantly affects the quality of life for the patients. Comprehensive measures should be carried out to prevent the ascent of laryngeal cancer.
76 citations
References
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11 Jun 2013
113,134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (MDE) on the risk of stroke.
Abstract: ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation
AGREE
: Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation
AHA
: American Heart Association
apoA1
: apolipoprotein A1
apoB
: apolipoprotein B
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft surgery
CARDS
: Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study
CCNAP
: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions
CHARISMA
: Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
COMMIT
: Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial
CRP
: C-reactive protein
CURE
: Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
DALYs
: disability-adjusted life years
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
ED
: erectile dysfunction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
EHN
: European Heart Network
EPIC
: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
EUROASPIRE
: European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events
GFR
: glomerular filtration rate
GOSPEL
: Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI
GRADE
: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HDL
: high-density lipoprotein
HF-ACTION
: Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study
HPS
: Heart Protection Study
HR
: hazard ratio
hsCRP
: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HYVET
: Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial
ICD
: International Classification of Diseases
IMT
: intima-media thickness
INVEST
: International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril
JTF
: Joint Task Force
LDL
: low-density lipoprotein
Lp(a)
: lipoprotein(a)
LpPLA2
: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
MATCH
: Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MET
: metabolic equivalent
MONICA
: Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease
NICE
: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence
NRT
: nicotine replacement therapy
NSTEMI
: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
ONTARGET
: Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
OSA
: obstructive sleep apnoea
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PROactive
: Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QOF
: Quality and Outcomes Framework
RCT
: randomized clinical trial
RR
: relative risk
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCORE
: Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project
SEARCH
: Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STEMI
: ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SU.FOL.OM3
: SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids
Syst-Eur
: Systolic Hypertension in Europe
TNT
: Treating to New Targets
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use
VITATOPS
: VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke
VLDL
: very low-density lipoprotein
WHO
: World Health Organization
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Mohammad H. Forouzanfar1, Lily Alexander, H. Ross Anderson, Victoria F Bachman1 +733 more•Institutions (289)
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
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Gregory A. Roth1, Gregory A. Roth2, Degu Abate3, Kalkidan Hassen Abate4 +1025 more•Institutions (333)
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