Figure 1. (a) Map and (b) photograph of Katla. Themap shows the outlines of the subglacial caldera and locations of glacier river outlets (n = 8), ice cauldrons (n = 20), Goðabunga rise (God), and Austmannsbunga rise (Aust). For model simulations of the gas source, the 20 ice cauldrons were combined into seven clusters (A–G). The photograph, taken in November 2017, shows ice cauldrons 10 and 11 (K10 and K11, respectively) and Goðabunga rise. The cauldrons are several hundreds of meters in diameter. The summit of the neighboring Eyjafjalljökull volcano is seen behind the Katla caldera.
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