Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the different approaches and techniques used to produce glycerol (hydrolysis, transesterification, refining crude glycerols).
Abstract: The demand for petroleum has been rising rapidly due to increasing industrialization and modernization. This economic development has led to a huge demand for energy, most of which is derived from fossil fuel. However, the limited reserve of fossil fuel has led many researchers to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from renewable feedstock. Increasing fossil fuel prices have prompted the global oil industry to look at biodiesel, which is from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is produced from animal fats and vegetable oils and has become more attractive because it is more environmentally friendly and is obtained from renewable sources. Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production; about 10% of the weight of biodiesel is generated in glycerol. The large amount of glycerol generated may become an environmental problem, since it cannot be disposed of in the environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the different approaches and techniques used to produce glycerol (hydrolysis, transesterification, refining crude glycerol). The world biodiesel/glycerol production and consumption market, the current world glycerin and glycerol prices as well as the news trends for the use of glycerol mainly in Brazil market are analyzed. The technological production and physicochemical properties of glycerol are described, as is the characterization of crude glycerol obtained from different seed oil feedstock. Finally, a simple way to use glycerol in large amounts is combustion, which is an advantageous method as it does not require any purification. However, the combustion process of crude glycerol is not easy and there are technological difficulties. The news and mainly research about the combustion of glycerol was also addressed in this review.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: A review and analysis of patents related to the use of glycerol in the period from 1993 to 2015, showing the quantity and diversity of work related to search for alternatives to add value to glycerols as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Increases in biodiesel production have led to a surplus of crude glycerol, which represents a major bottleneck in the biodiesel production chain and has created new challenges to its sustainable use. Although there is a wide range of potential uses for crude glycerol, they are limited by its degree of purity, which affects its physical, chemical and biological properties. This paper presents a review and analysis of patents related to the use of glycerol in the period from 1993 to 2015, showing the quantity and diversity of work related to the search for alternatives to add value to glycerol. It was found that 85.7% of the filed patents fell into four categories of applications: 1) manufacture of chemical products; 2) production of polymer compounds; 3) production of biofuels and biogas; and 4) purification and use of glycerol. In this regard, the development of new technologies for the use of glycerol, without the need for traditional purification steps, are fundamental. This paper portrays the efforts that have been made in this direction and the obstacles that still have to be overcome.
331 citations
TL;DR: In many industrial processes, large quantities of volatile and flammable organic solvents are used in various reaction systems and separation steps defining a major part of the environmental and economic performance of a process.
Abstract: In many industrial processes, large quantities of volatile and flammable organic solvents are used in various reaction systems and separation steps defining a major part of the environmental and economic performance of a process. Accordingly, a growing area of research in the development of green technologies is devoted to designing new, environment-friendly and tunable solvents the use of which would meet both technological and economic demands. Among proposed solvents, room temperature ionic liquids, supercritical and subcritical fluids and solvents from natural and renewable sources stand out as the most promising approaches for current solvent innovation. A brief overview of up-to-date knowledge regarding these solvents is presented herein, with special emphasis on their properties, applications and further perspectives as truly green industrial solvents. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the current status on the understanding of the various operational aspects of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) and an overview of the common practices of their design and characterization techniques at single cell, stack and system levels.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the catalytic hydrogenolysis of glycerol into C3 chemicals, which contain many industrially important products such as 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-polypropanediol, allyl alcohol, and propylene.
Abstract: Applications of renewable biomass provide facile routes to alleviate the shortage of fossil fuels as well as to reduce the emission of CO2. Glycerol, which is currently produced as a waste in the biodiesel production, is one of the most attractive biomass resources. In the past decade, the conversion of glycerol into useful chemicals has attracted much attention, and glycerol is mainly converted by steam reforming, hydrogenolysis, oxidation, dehydration, esterification, carboxylation, acetalization, and chlorination. In this review, we focused on the catalytic hydrogenolysis of glycerol into C3 chemicals, which contain many industrially important products such as 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, allyl alcohol, 1-propanol and propylene. In the hydrogenolysis of glycerol into propanediols, advantages and disadvantages of liquid- and vapor-phase reactions are compared. In addition, recent studies on catalysts, reaction conditions, and proposed pathways are primarily summarized and discussed. Furthermore, new research trends are introduced in connection with the hydrogenolysis of glycerol into allyl alcohol, propanols and propylene.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent advances in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monomers from biomass is presented, where the advantages and drawbacks of each route are discussed in terms of feedstock, reaction pathway, catalyst and economic evaluation.
230 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1973TL;DR: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC handbook as discussed by the authors, CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physiology, CRC Handbook for Physics,
Abstract: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
52,268 citations
Book•
01 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, conversion factors and mathematical symbols are used to describe conversion factors in physical and chemical data and Mathematical Symbols are used for converting, converting, and utilising conversion factors.
Abstract: Section 1: Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols Section 2: Physical and Chemical Data Section 3: Mathematics Section 4: Thermodynamics Section 5: Heat and Mass Transfer Section 6: Fluid and Plastic Dynamics Section 7: Reaction Kinetics Section 8: Process Control Section 9: Process Economics Section 10: Transport and Storage of Fluids Section 11: Heat-Transfer Equipment Section 12: Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Section 13: Distillation Section 14: Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation Section 15: Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment Section 16: Adsorption and Ion Exchange Section 17: Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 18: Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 19: Reactors Section 20: Alternative Separation Processes Section 21: Solid-Solid Operations and Processing Section 22: Waste Management Section 23: Process Safety Section 24: Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Section 25: Materials of Construction Index
10,028 citations
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook as mentioned in this paper is a free download pdf for chemical engineering applications, from the fundamentals to details on computer applications and control, and it can be found in any computer science course.
Abstract: Perry chemical engineers handbook free download pdf. Customers at an SAP AG event in Boston today expressed strong commitment to the vendors platform. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. All aspects of chemical engineering, from the fundamentals to details on computer applications and control. Definitive. Garner, G. O., “Careers in Engineering,” 2nd ed., VGM Career Books, in "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1984).
7,890 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the transesterification reaction is aected by molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, catalysts, reaction temperature, reaction time and free fatty acids and water content of oils or fats.
4,902 citations
Additional excerpts
...of emissions gases [3,4]....
[...]
01 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugar via biological or chemical conversions, and the twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials.
Abstract: This report identifies twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugars via biological or chemical conversions. The twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials. Building block chemicals, as considered for this analysis, are molecules with multiple functional groups that possess the potential to be transformed into new families of useful molecules. The twelve sugar-based building blocks are 1,4-diacids (succinic, fumaric and malic), 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, aspartic acid, glucaric acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, 3-hydroxybutyrolactone, glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol/arabinitol.
2,956 citations