Glycosphingolipids in Cellular Interaction, Differentiation, and Oncogenesis
01 Jan 1981-Annual Review of Biochemistry (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 50, Iss: 1, pp 733-764
TL;DR: The majority of neutral glycolipids present in plasma membranes are cryptic, and further extensive studies of the organization of glycolIPid in other eukaryotic cell membranes are necessary.
Abstract: The idea that glycosphingolipids (or, briefly, glycolipids) are ubiquitous components of plasma membrane and display cell type-specific patterns perhaps stemmed from the classical studies on glycolipids of erythrocyte membranes.(1,2) Subsequently, plasma membranes of various animal cells were successfully isolated and analyzed; all were characterized by their much higher content of glycolipid than was found in intracellular membranes.(3–8) It is generally assumed that glycolipids are present at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer, although this assumption is based only on experiments with surface-labeling by galactose oxidase-NaB[3H]4 of intact and lysed erythrocyte membranes and inside-out vesicles.(9,10) Obviously, further extensive studies of the organization of glycolipid in other eukaryotic cell membranes are necessary. Interestingly, the majority of neutral glycolipids present in plasma membranes are cryptic (see Section 4.2.1).
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TL;DR: Describing de 2 categories de lectines animales: les lectines de type C, calcium-dependantes et les lectine de type S, thiol-dependante.
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TL;DR: Emphasis is placed on glycoside and saccharide formation by 1-O-alkylation, on the trichloroacetimidate method, and on activation through the formation of glycosylsulfonium salts and Glycosyl fluorides.
Abstract: Glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycophospholipids (glycoconjugates) are components of membranes. The oligosaccharide residue is responsible for intercellular recognition and interaction; it acts as a receptor for proteins, hormones, and viruses and governs immune reactions. These significant activities have stimulated interest in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. With their help it should be possible to clarify the molecular basis of these phenomena and to derive new principles of physiological activity. Major advances in the synthesis of oligosaccharides have been made by the use of the Koenigs-Knorr method, in which glycosyl halides in the presence of heavy-metal salts are employed to transfer the glycosyl group to nucleophiles. The disadvantages of this procedure have led to an intensive search for new methods. Such methods will be discussed in this article. Emphasis is placed on glycoside and saccharide formation by 1-O-alkylation, on the trichloroacetimidate method, and on activation through the formation of glycosylsulfonium salts and glycosyl fluorides.
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TL;DR: A recently characterised class of adhesive, high molecular weight glycoproteins is present on the surfaces of cells, in connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.
Abstract: A recently characterised class of adhesive, high molecular weight glycoproteins is present on the surfaces of cells, in connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids. These proteins may have important roles in cellular adhesion, malignant transformation, reticuloendothelial system function, and embryonic differentiation.
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TL;DR: A monoclonal antibody derived by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with F9 teratocarcinoma cells is described, which defines an embryonic stage-specific antigen.
Abstract: A monoclonal antibody derived by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with F9 teratocarcinoma cells is described. This antibody, which reacts with embryonal carcinoma cells of mouse and human origin and with some preimplantation stage mouse embryos, defines an embryonic stage-specific antigen. This stage-specific antigen (SSEA-1) is first detected on blastomeres of 8-cell stage embryos. Trophectodermal cells are transitorily positive; however, each cell in the inner cell mass eventually expresses this antigen.
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