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Journal ArticleDOI

Gout

01 Apr 2011-BMJ-Vol. 14, Iss: 2, pp 124-125
About: This article is published in BMJ.The article was published on 2011-04-01 and is currently open access. It has received 729 citations till now.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DINESH KHanNA, JOHN D. FITZGERALD, PUJA P. KHANNA, SANGMEE BAE, MANJIT K. SINGH, TUHINA NEOGI, MICHAEL H. PILLINGER, JOAN MERILL, SUSAN LEE, SHRADDHA PRAKASH, MARIAN KALDAS, MANEESH GOGIA, FERNANDO PEREZ-RUI
Abstract: DINESH KHANNA, JOHN D. FITZGERALD, PUJA P. KHANNA, SANGMEE BAE, MANJIT K. SINGH, TUHINA NEOGI, MICHAEL H. PILLINGER, JOAN MERILL, SUSAN LEE, SHRADDHA PRAKASH, MARIAN KALDAS, MANEESH GOGIA, FERNANDO PEREZ-RUIZ, WILL TAYLOR, FREDERIC LIOTE, HYON CHOI, JASVINDER A. SINGH, NICOLA DALBETH, SANFORD KAPLAN, VANDANA NIYYAR, DANIELLE JONES, STEVEN A. YAROWS, BLAKE ROESSLER, GAIL KERR, CHARLES KING, GERALD LEVY, DANIEL E. FURST, N. LAWRENCE EDWARDS, BRIAN MANDELL, H. RALPH SCHUMACHER, MARK ROBBINS, NEIL WENGER, AND ROBERT TERKELTAUB

1,335 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is thought that SSBs contribute to weight gain in part by incomplete compensation for energy at subsequent meals following intake of liquid calories, and should be replaced by healthy alternatives such as water, to reduce risk of obesity and chronic diseases.

764 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The biology of urate metabolism and its role in disease is discussed and recent studies identifying SLC2A9, which encodes the glucose transporter family isoform Glut9, as a major determinant of plasma uric acid levels and of gout development are identified.
Abstract: Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism in humans. It has antioxidant properties that may be protective but can also be pro-oxidant, depending on its chemical microenvironment. Hyperuricemia predisposes to disease through the formation of urate crystals that cause gout, but hyperuricemia, independent of crystal formation, has also been linked with hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and diabetes. We discuss here the biology of urate metabolism and its role in disease. We also cover the genetics of urate transport, including URAT1, and recent studies identifying SLC2A9, which encodes the glucose transporter family isoform Glut9, as a major determinant of plasma uric acid levels and of gout development.

615 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review, an approach has been made to highlight the importance of different enzymes with special emphasis on amylase and lipase in the different industrial and medical fields.
Abstract: Enzymes are the large biomolecules that are required for the numerous chemical interconversions that sustain life. They accelerate all the metabolic processes in the body and carry out a specific task. Enzymes are highly efficient, which can increase reaction rates by 100 million to 10 billion times faster than any normal chemical reaction. Due to development in recombinant technology and protein engineering, enzymes have evolved as an important molecule that has been widely used in different industrial and therapeutical purposes. Microbial enzymes are currently acquiring much attention with rapid development of enzyme technology. Microbial enzymes are preferred due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability, and greater catalytic activity. Microbial enzymes play a major role in the diagnosis, treatment, biochemical investigation, and monitoring of various dreaded diseases. Amylase and lipase are two very important enzymes that have been vastly studied and have great importance in different industries and therapeutic industry. In this review, an approach has been made to highlight the importance of different enzymes with special emphasis on amylase and lipase in the different industrial and medical fields.

491 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding that mTORC1 is localized to the lysosome has significantly enhanced the understanding of m TORC1 regulation and may be a general principle used by TOR to enact precise spatial and temporal control of cell growth.
Abstract: Target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two conserved, structurally distinct kinase complexes termed TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. Each complex phosphorylates a different set of substrates to regulate cell growth. In mammals, mTOR is stimulated by nutrients and growth factors and inhibited by stress to ensure that cells grow only during favorable conditions. Studies in different organisms have reported localization of TOR to several distinct subcellular compartments. Notably, the finding that mTORC1 is localized to the lysosome has significantly enhanced our understanding of mTORC1 regulation. Subcellular localization may be a general principle used by TOR to enact precise spatial and temporal control of cell growth.

454 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of disorders of MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, including the following: DISORDERS OF MIOCHONDRIC FERTILITY XIX, XVI, XIX.
Abstract: I. INTRODUCTION II. PERSPECTIVES III. GENERAL THEMES IV. CANCER V. CHROMOSOMES VI. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES VII. CARBOHYDRATES VIII. AMINO ACIDS IX. ORGANIC ACIDS X. DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION XI. PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES XII. LIPIDS XIII. PORPHYRINS XIV. METALS XV. PEROXISOMES XVI. LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS XVII. VITAMINS XVIII. HORMONES XIX. BLOOD XX. IMMUNE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS XXI. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT DISORDERS XXII. CONNECTIVE TISSUE XXIII. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM XXIV. KIDNEY XXV. MUSCLE XXVI. LUNG XXVII. SKIN XXVIII. NEUROGENETICS XXIX. EYE XXX. MULTISYSTEM INBORN ERRORS OF DEVELOPMENT

10,525 citations

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TL;DR: 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension : The Task Force for the management of Arterspertension of the European Society ofhypertension (ESH) and of theEuropean Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Abstract: 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension : The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

9,932 citations

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: To develop a program to print the barcodes using two commonly uses command sets and hence evaluates their ease of use for such applications, students should be able to program dot matrix printers, by manipulating bit level information and ink jet printers using page description language, such as PCL.
Abstract: 1. OBJECTIVE To develop a program to print the barcodes using two commonly uses command sets and hence evaluates their ease of use for such applications. Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to program dot matrix printers, by manipulating bit level information and ink jet printers using page description language, such as PCL which uses raster image for graphics output. Students will also become familiar with the encoding and dimensional requirements of barcode symbologies, and the suitability of the selected printers for barcode printing. The Computer Engineering Laboratory is set up with IBM-compatible PC's installed with standard C compiler. The laboratory also has several kinds of printers for this experiment. They are classified into two groups. One group consists of dot-matrix printers and the other group consists of HP ink jet printers. In this experiment, each student will have to program a dot-matrix printer using Epson 9-pin graphics command codes in group A printers and HP PCL graphics commands for the ink jet printer in group B. The assignment of different printers is as follows: 4. INTRODUCTION Barcode labelling is widely implemented in the retail marketplace and is gaining increasing visibility in a broad range of non-retail applications. To read the information contained in a barcode symbol, a scanning device such as a wand can be used. As the scanning device is moved across the symbol, the width pattern of the bars and the spaces is analysed by the reading equipment and the original data is recovered. A number of barcodes has been developed over the years, these include UPS, interleaved 2 of 5, rationalised codabar, code 39, code 128, code 93 and code 49. The American format for article numbering is the Universal Product Code (UPC). The UPC has been successfully employed in the supermarket industry since 1973. It is designed to uniquely identify a product and its manufacturer. Refer to Appendix A for UPC specifications which are necessary for this experiment. Barcode symbols can be printed with various printing technologies and on a variety of substrate labels, tags and papers. In this experiment, plain paper will be used. Hence, the quality of printed barcode will only depend on the printing mechanism. In this experiment, students will learn to program dot matrix printers by manipulating bit level information. A brief summary of the commonly used commands is attached in Appendix B and abstract from the manuals …

8,170 citations

Book
01 Jan 1989

5,306 citations