Governance, Innovation, and Information and Communications Technology for Civil-Military Interactions
13 Feb 2014-Stability: International Journal of Security and Development (Centre for Security Governance)-Vol. 3, Iss: 1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the development of relief and stability operations in the United States and find that ICT innovation emerges in a distributed fashion, within clusters of specialty expertise that migrate across interconnected technology systems and across humanitarian and military activities.
Abstract: Civilian and military participants in relief and stability operations rely upon Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to collect, analyze, store, display, and share information that is critical for these civil-military interactions. This article investigates ICT innovation in these operations over time. As researchers in the sociology of technology school might predict, ICT innovation for relief and stability operations emerges in a distributed fashion, within clusters of specialty expertise that migrate across interconnected technology systems and across humanitarian and military activities. Major events such as natural disasters have punctuated the development of ICT for civil-military interactions, often driving community learning and coherence. Among the many stakeholders in the United States, the federal government in particular has played an important role in shaping the ICT ecosystem through policies and engagements. Government policies and changes in the field of action in the 1990s created imperatives for the US military in particular to collaborate with civilian agencies on ICT innovation. Civil-military information sharing gaps persist today due, in part, to institutional factors.
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01 Jan 2016
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22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the United Nations and regional bodies play an increasingly diverse role in the economic development of post-conflict countries, and a key way that missions play an important role in this process.
Abstract: Peacekeeping operations, mandated through the United Nations and regional bodies, play an increasingly diverse role in the economic development of post-conflict countries A key way that missions c
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review on the role of civilian agency in conflict; on wartime institutions; and on the private sector in conflict, identifying where academic research has started to establish stylized facts and where methodological and knowledge gaps remain.
Abstract: We survey selected parts of the growing literature on the microeconomics of violent conflict, identifying where academic research has started to establish stylized facts and where methodological and knowledge gaps remain. We focus our review on the role of civilian agency in conflict; on wartime institutions; and on the private sector in conflict. Future research requires new and better sources of data on conflict and conflict impacts, including from household surveys in conflict-affected areas. Impact evaluations can also be valuable sources of insights about how conflict impacts on people and how peacebuilding and reconstruction can be improved. We also see the need for much more detailed studies on the long-term impacts of conflict; on the linkages between agriculture, food security, and conflict; on the role of technology for peace; and on the micromacro linkages of conflict, as well its macroeconomic costs. Finally, future research would benefit from linking analysis of large-scale violent conflict with other forms of violence, instability, fragility, and humanitarian crises.
16 citations
Cites background from "Governance, Innovation, and Informa..."
...Guttieri (2013) notes that new technologies can support civil–military interaction, and Dorn (2011) furthers this by explaining how new technologies, especially mobile phones, provide peacekeepers with granular information about ongoing threats to their operational environments....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: This paper found that people make decisions about the validity and actionability of information during crises based on complex social and political factors that are tangentially related to technology access, such as social media access, social media usage, and access to information.
Abstract: Over the last 10 years, the dramatic increase in access to information communications technologies (ICTs) in developing countries has spurred popular efforts to use them for crisis response and violence prevention. As access to mobile phones and the internet has expanded, a key question remains: Do people actually use these tools for participation in governance processes? The results from my case studies and survey data strongly indicate that they do not. Even among groups we expect to be technologically savvy, for example the young, urban and/or wealthy, patterns of information gathering during crisis are still oriented toward traditional broadcast media and elite messaging. Instead, the evidence from my case studies and surveys indicate that people make decisions about the validity and actionability of information during crises based on complex social and political factors that are tangentially related to technology access.
7 citations
References
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TL;DR: The web of human relations which originates, nurtures, and transforms technologies has long deserved attention Computers, bicycles, natural gas pipelines, and condoms live and have their being in the midst of enormously complicated human networks of production, distribution, and evaluation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The web of human relations which originates, nurtures, and transforms technologies has long deserved attention Computers, bicycles, natural gas pipelines, and condoms live and have their being in the midst of enormously complicated human networks of production, distribution, and evaluation We need to know about the kinds of social institutions that do this work This book, a report on a conference, goes far in opening this vast area for public inspection
2,453 citations
TL;DR: The notion that technical things have political qualities has been a persistent and troubling presence in discussions about the meaning of technology, and they deserve explicit attention as mentioned in this paper, but they need explicit attention.
Abstract: In controversies about technology and society, there is no idea more pro vocative than the notion that technical things have political qualities. At issue is the claim that the machines, structures, and systems of modern material culture can be accurately judged not only for their contributions of efficiency and pro ductivity, not merely for their positive and negative environmental side effects, but also for the ways in which they can embody specific forms of power and authority. Since ideas of this kind have a persistent and troubling presence in discussions about the meaning of technology, they deserve explicit attention.1 Writing in Technology and Culture almost two decades ago, Lewis Mumford gave classic statement to one version of the theme, arguing that "from late neo lithic times in the Near East, right down to our own day, two technologies have recurrently existed side by side: one authoritarian, the other democratic, the first system-centered, immensely powerful, but inherently unstable, the other man-centered, relatively weak, but resourceful and durable."2 This thesis stands at the heart of Mumford's studies of the city, architecture, and the his tory of technics, and mirrors concerns voiced earlier in the works of Peter Kropotkin, William Morris, and other nineteenth century critics of industrial ism. More recently, antinuclear and prosolar energy movements in Europe and America have adopted a similar notion as a centerpiece in their arguments. Thus environmentalist Denis Hayes concludes, "The increased deployment of nuclear power facilities must lead society toward authoritarianism. Indeed, safe reliance upon nuclear power as the principal source of energy may be possible only in a totalitarian state." Echoing the views of many proponents of appropri ate technology and the soft energy path, Hayes contends that "dispersed solar sources are more compatible than centralized technologies with social equity, freedom and cultural pluralism."3 An eagerness to interpret technical artifacts in political language is by no means the exclusive property of critics of large-scale high-technology systems. A long lineage of boosters have insisted that the "biggest and best" that science and industry made available were the best guarantees of democracy, freedom, and social justice. The factory system, automobile, telephone, radio, television, the space program, and of course nuclear power itself have all at one time or another been described as democratizing, liberating forces. David Lilienthal, in T.V.A.: Democracy on the March, for example, found this promise in the phos 121
2,031 citations
Book•
01 Mar 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, local industrial systems are classified into three categories: Genesis: Universities, Military Spending, and Entrepreneurs, Silicon Valley: Competition and Community, Route 128: Independence and Hierarchy, and Inside Out: Blurring Firms' Boundaries.
Abstract: Prologue Introduction: Local Industrial Systems 1. Genesis: Universities, Military Spending, and Entrepreneurs 2. Silicon Valley: Competition and Community 3. Route 128: Independence and Hierarchy 4. Betting on a Product 5. Running with Technology 6. Inside Out: Blurring Firms' Boundaries Conclusion: Protean Places Notes Historical Data Definitions and Data Sources Acknowledgments Index
1,589 citations
TL;DR: A comparative history of the evolution of modern electric power systems is given in this paper, where the Dexter Prize winner describes large-scale technological change and demonstrates that technology cannot be understood unless placed in a cultural context.
Abstract: Awarded the Dexter Prize by the Society for the History of Technology, this book offers a comparative history of the evolution of modern electric power systems. It described large-scale technological change and demonstrates that technology cannot be understood unless placed in a cultural context.
1,588 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1992
1,112 citations
"Governance, Innovation, and Informa..." refers background in this paper
...In 1992, UN SecretaryGeneral Boutros Boutros-Ghali introduced the concept of peacebuilding as a synergy across spheres of assistance – social, economic, humanitarian, security, and politicaladministrative to build and sustain peace (Boutros-Ghali 1992: 17)....
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