Governance, Innovation, and Information and Communications Technology for Civil-Military Interactions
13 Feb 2014-Stability: International Journal of Security and Development (Centre for Security Governance)-Vol. 3, Iss: 1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the development of relief and stability operations in the United States and find that ICT innovation emerges in a distributed fashion, within clusters of specialty expertise that migrate across interconnected technology systems and across humanitarian and military activities.
Abstract: Civilian and military participants in relief and stability operations rely upon Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to collect, analyze, store, display, and share information that is critical for these civil-military interactions. This article investigates ICT innovation in these operations over time. As researchers in the sociology of technology school might predict, ICT innovation for relief and stability operations emerges in a distributed fashion, within clusters of specialty expertise that migrate across interconnected technology systems and across humanitarian and military activities. Major events such as natural disasters have punctuated the development of ICT for civil-military interactions, often driving community learning and coherence. Among the many stakeholders in the United States, the federal government in particular has played an important role in shaping the ICT ecosystem through policies and engagements. Government policies and changes in the field of action in the 1990s created imperatives for the US military in particular to collaborate with civilian agencies on ICT innovation. Civil-military information sharing gaps persist today due, in part, to institutional factors.
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01 Jan 2016
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22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the United Nations and regional bodies play an increasingly diverse role in the economic development of post-conflict countries, and a key way that missions play an important role in this process.
Abstract: Peacekeeping operations, mandated through the United Nations and regional bodies, play an increasingly diverse role in the economic development of post-conflict countries A key way that missions c
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review on the role of civilian agency in conflict; on wartime institutions; and on the private sector in conflict, identifying where academic research has started to establish stylized facts and where methodological and knowledge gaps remain.
Abstract: We survey selected parts of the growing literature on the microeconomics of violent conflict, identifying where academic research has started to establish stylized facts and where methodological and knowledge gaps remain. We focus our review on the role of civilian agency in conflict; on wartime institutions; and on the private sector in conflict. Future research requires new and better sources of data on conflict and conflict impacts, including from household surveys in conflict-affected areas. Impact evaluations can also be valuable sources of insights about how conflict impacts on people and how peacebuilding and reconstruction can be improved. We also see the need for much more detailed studies on the long-term impacts of conflict; on the linkages between agriculture, food security, and conflict; on the role of technology for peace; and on the micromacro linkages of conflict, as well its macroeconomic costs. Finally, future research would benefit from linking analysis of large-scale violent conflict with other forms of violence, instability, fragility, and humanitarian crises.
16 citations
Cites background from "Governance, Innovation, and Informa..."
...Guttieri (2013) notes that new technologies can support civil–military interaction, and Dorn (2011) furthers this by explaining how new technologies, especially mobile phones, provide peacekeepers with granular information about ongoing threats to their operational environments....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: This paper found that people make decisions about the validity and actionability of information during crises based on complex social and political factors that are tangentially related to technology access, such as social media access, social media usage, and access to information.
Abstract: Over the last 10 years, the dramatic increase in access to information communications technologies (ICTs) in developing countries has spurred popular efforts to use them for crisis response and violence prevention. As access to mobile phones and the internet has expanded, a key question remains: Do people actually use these tools for participation in governance processes? The results from my case studies and survey data strongly indicate that they do not. Even among groups we expect to be technologically savvy, for example the young, urban and/or wealthy, patterns of information gathering during crisis are still oriented toward traditional broadcast media and elite messaging. Instead, the evidence from my case studies and surveys indicate that people make decisions about the validity and actionability of information during crises based on complex social and political factors that are tangentially related to technology access.
7 citations
References
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01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a generalized symmetry-based approach to understand the emergence, functioning, and collapse of technological systems, based on historical materials about the technology of the 15th and 16th century Portuguese maritime expansion.
Abstract: Based on historical materials about the technology of the 15th and 16th century Portuguese maritime expansion, the author shows that in order to understand the emergence, functioning, and collapse of technological systems we need to develop an
approach that will be centred on the notion of heterogeneous engineering. Heterogeneous engineering presupposes that the building of technological systems involves associating and channelling diverse entities and forces, both human and nonhuman. This permits an analysis of how the existence of particular systems is shaped equally by different factors: natural, social, economic, and technical.
In the case of Portuguese maritime expansion, the success of system-building was determined by the association between shipbuilding; the navigational skills of the navigators; navigational equipment and guns; features of the capes, oceanic currents, and winds; and the system of state support, training, and regulation—all of which made possible the establishment of a stable and powerful network that allowed the Portuguese to dominate the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Therefore, the construction of a technological system is a process of resolving conflicts between heterogeneous elements, and the associated elements must be able to withstand encounters with hostile forces and entities, both physical (e.g. oceans) and social (e.g. the Muslims).
The systems approach proposed by the author shows, first, that technology can
be analysed using the principle of generalized symmetry, which states that the same
type of analysis should be made for all components in a system whether these components are human or not; and, second, that actors should be understood as entities that exert detectable influence on other entities
804 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on a limited range of vaguely understood examples of technical applications and try to wring universal implications from a sample that is perhaps too small to carry the weight placed upon it.
Abstract: What do philosophers need to know about technology? What kind of knowledge do we need to have? And how much? Perhaps it is enough simply to have lived in a society in which a wide variety of technologies are in common use. Drawing upon an everyday understanding of such matters, one can move on to develop general perspectives and theories that may enable us to answer important questions about technology in general. The problem is that one's grasp may be superficial, failing to do justice to the phenomena one wants to explain and interpret. One may seize upon a limited range of vaguely understood examples of technical applications-a dam on a river, a robot in a factory, or some other typification-and try to wring universal implications from a sample that is perhaps too small to carry the weight placed upon it. An alternative would be to focus one's attention more carefully, becoming expert in the technical knowledge of a specific field, attaining the deeper understanding of, say, a worker, engineer, or technical professional. Even that may prove limiting, however, because the experience available in one field of practice may not be useful in comprehending the origins, character, and consequences of technical practices in other domains. The sheer multiplicity of technologies in modern society poses serious difficulties for anyone who seeks an overarching grasp of human experience in a technological society. Yet another strategy might be to study particular varieties of technology in a scholarly mode, drawing upon existing histories and contemporary social studies of technological change as one's base of understanding. And one
793 citations
"Governance, Innovation, and Informa..." refers background in this paper
...In a critique, Langdon Winner (1980, 1993) noted that many technological advances are artifacts of power, arising from the needs of privileged social groups....
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784 citations
"Governance, Innovation, and Informa..." refers background in this paper
...Constant II, E 1987 The Social Locus of Technological Practice: Community, System, or Organization? in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, edited by Wiebe Bijker, E, Thomas Hughes, P and Pinch, T. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 217–236....
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...For example, in a landmark comparative national study of electrification between 1880 and 1930, Thomas Hughes (1983) broadened the lens of the history of technology to take in a wider process of the evolution of large distributed technology systems....
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
652 citations
"Governance, Innovation, and Informa..." refers background in this paper
...In 1992, UN SecretaryGeneral Boutros Boutros-Ghali introduced the concept of peacebuilding as a synergy across spheres of assistance – social, economic, humanitarian, security, and politicaladministrative to build and sustain peace (Boutros-Ghali 1992: 17)....
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