Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the optimism-hope relationship and examined several potential correlates and consequences of optimism and hope, and found that optimism is related to several indices of psychological and physical well-being and empirically distinguishable from other personality traits.
About: This article is published in Personality and Individual Differences.The article was published on 2013-05-01. It has received 382 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Optimism & Well-being.
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TL;DR: In this article, a large sample of previously published meta-analytically derived correlations is used to evaluate Cohen's effect size guidelines from an empirical perspective, and it is suggested that Cohen's correlation guidelines are too exigent, as r ǫ = 0.10, 0.20, and 0.50 were recommended to be considered small, medium and large in magnitude, respectively.
1,212 citations
TL;DR: The first-order positive psychological resources that make up PsyCap include hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, or the HERO within this article, and these four best meet the inclusion criteria of being theory and research-based, positive, validly measurable, state-like, and having impact on attitudes, behaviors, performance and well-being.
Abstract: The now recognized core construct of psychological capital, or simply PsyCap, draws from positive psychology in general and positive organizational behavior (POB) in particular. The first-order positive psychological resources that make up PsyCap include hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, or the HERO within. These four best meet the inclusion criteria of being theory- and research-based, positive, validly measurable, state-like, and having impact on attitudes, behaviors, performance and well-being. The article first provides the background and precise meaning of PsyCap and then comprehensively reviews its measures, theoretical mechanisms, antecedents and outcomes, levels of analysis, current status and needed research, and finally application. Particular emphasis is given to practical implications, which focuses on PsyCap development, positive leadership, and novel applications such as the use of video games and gamification techniques. The overriding theme throughout is that PsyCap has both scient...
551 citations
Cites background from "Great expectations: A meta-analytic..."
...…validity of these constructs has also been established empirically, not only in the analysis of PsyCap (Luthans et al. 2007), but also in the positive psychology literature (e.g., see Alarcon et al. 2013, Bryant & Cvengros 2004, Gallaghar & Lopez 2009, Magaletta & Oliver 1999, Rand et al. 2011)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship of career adaptability with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, adaptation results, and demographic covariates based on the career construction model of adaptation.
346 citations
TL;DR: This metasynthesis provides among the most compelling evidence to date that personality predicts overall health and well-being and may inform research on the mechanisms by which personality impacts health as well asResearch on the structure of personality.
Abstract: Objective: To derive a robust and comprehensive estimate of the overall relation between Big Five personality traits and health variables using metasynthesis (i.e., second-order meta-analysis). Method: Thirty-six meta-analyses, which collectively provided 150 meta-analytic effects from over 500,000
250 citations
Cites background from "Great expectations: A meta-analytic..."
...This Table 2 Included Meta-Analyses on Big Five Traits and Health Article Code Outcome(s) E A C N O R Alarcon et al., 2013 MH Optimism .26 .19 .24 .39 .20 .47 Berry et al., 2007 MH Interpersonal deviance (R) .02 .36 .19 .20 .07 .40 Clark et al., 2016 MH Workaholism (R) .05 .01 .13 .05 .05 .17…...
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TL;DR: This essay presents conceptual frameworks in which positivity, particularly PsyCap, can promote well-being, both at and beyond the workplace.
Abstract: Although important and of undeniable significance, decades of extensive research on mental illness and dysfunctional behavior in psychology, sociology and other foundational behavioral science disciplines have generally ignored or failed to contribute to the better understanding of the role that human strengths, flourishing and optimal functioning have for overall well-being. Similarly, the study of work stress, burnout, conflict, dysfunctional attitudes, counterproductive behaviors and other negative constructs that have preoccupied organizational behavior and human resources management scholars and practitioners have also not necessarily shed additional light on the characteristics of exceptional performers or the dynamic processes that facilitate excellence in the workplace. This realization motivated positive psychologists and positive organizational behavior (POB) scholars to launch new and exciting streams of research that focus on positivity in its own right, rather than simply extrapolating existing mainstream research. This essay focuses on one of these streams of research, namely psychological capital or simply PsyCap. We use this stream of research as an example and illustration of positive research in terms of rigor and relevance. We present conceptual frameworks in which positivity, particularly PsyCap, can promote well-being, both at and beyond the workplace.
237 citations
References
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27 May 1998TL;DR: The book aims to provide the skills necessary to begin to use SEM in research and to interpret and critique the use of method by others.
Abstract: Designed for students and researchers without an extensive quantitative background, this book offers an informative guide to the application, interpretation and pitfalls of structural equation modelling (SEM) in the social sciences. The book covers introductory techniques including path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and provides an overview of more advanced methods such as the evaluation of non-linear effects, the analysis of means in convariance structure models, and latent growth models for longitudinal data. Providing examples from various disciplines to illustrate all aspects of SEM, the book offers clear instructions on the preparation and screening of data, common mistakes to avoid and widely used software programs (Amos, EQS and LISREL). The book aims to provide the skills necessary to begin to use SEM in research and to interpret and critique the use of method by others.
42,102 citations
TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
34,482 citations
TL;DR: A new stress model called the model of conservation of resources is presented, based on the supposition that people strive to retain, project, and build resources and that what is threatening to them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources.
Abstract: Major perspectives concerning stress are presented with the goal of clarifying the nature of what has proved to be a heuristic but vague construct. Current conceptualizations of stress are challenged as being too phenomenological and ambiguous, and consequently, not given to direct empirical testing. Indeed, it is argued that researchers have tended to avoid the problem of defining stress, choosing to study stress without reference to a clear framework. A new stress model called the model of conservation of resources is presented as an alternative. This resource-oriented model is based on the supposition that people strive to retain, project, and build resources and that what is threatening to them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources. Implications of the model of conservation of resources for new research directions are discussed.
9,782 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative procedures for computing the tolerance for filed and future null results are reported and illustrated, and the implications are discussed.
Abstract: For any given research area, one cannot tell how many studies have been conducted but never reported. The extreme view of the "file drawer problem" is that journals are filled with the 5% of the studies that show Type I errors, while the file drawers are filled with the 95% of the studies that show nonsignificant results. Quantitative procedures for computing the tolerance for filed and future null results are reported and illustrated, and the implications are discussed. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
7,159 citations
TL;DR: Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision, and a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test is described, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
Abstract: Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
6,395 citations
"Great expectations: A meta-analytic..." refers background in this paper
...For instance, although optimism and hope have some conceptual overlap with neuroticism; neuroticism is a relatively broader construct in that it also includes sub-facets dealing with anger, self-consciousness, and immoderation (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Scheier et al., 1994)....
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...These findings help to mitigate two concerns raised in the literature: (1) that optimism may be redundant with neuroticism (Scheier et al., 1994), and (2) that optimism and pessimism may be redundant with each other (Segerstrom, Evans, & Eisenlohr-Moul, 2011)....
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