Green nanotechnology - a new hope for medical biology.
TL;DR: This review highlights the classification of nanoparticles giving special emphasis on biosynthesis of metal nanoparticle by viable organisms and the applications of these biosynthesized nanoparticles in a wide spectrum of potential areas of medical biology including catalysis, targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, antibacterial agents and as biosensors.
About: This article is published in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.The article was published on 2013-11-01. It has received 297 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The activities of nanoparticles as an antimicrobial means, their mode of action, nanoparticle effect on drug-resistant bacteria, and the risks attendant on their use as antibacterial agents are discussed.
Abstract: Despite numerous existing potent antibiotics and other antimicrobial means, bacterial infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the need to develop additional bactericidal means has significantly increased due to the growing concern regarding multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and biofilm associated infections. Consequently, attention has been especially devoted to new and emerging nanoparticle-based materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The present review discusses the activities of nanoparticles as an antimicrobial means, their mode of action, nanoparticle effect on drug-resistant bacteria, and the risks attendant on their use as antibacterial agents. Factors contributing to nanoparticle performance in the clinical setting, their unique properties, and mechanism of action as antibacterial agents are discussed in detail.
613 citations
Cites background from "Green nanotechnology - a new hope f..."
...Also, the physiological state of the bacteria, that is, planktonic, biofilm, growth rate, stationary, or starved, may greatly contribute to the sensitivity of the bacteria to NM [9, 10]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported low-cost, green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using 25% (w/v) of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract.
484 citations
TL;DR: A review of the progress made in recent years on nanoparticle biosynthesis by microbes is presented in this paper, which mainly focuses on the biosynthesis of the most commonly studied metal and metal salt nanoparticles such as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, cadmium, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and lead oxide.
Abstract: Metal nanoparticles have received great attention from researchers across the world because of a plethora of applications in agriculture and the biomedical field as antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. Over the past few years, green nanotechnology has emerged as a significant approach for the synthesis and fabrication of metal nanoparticles. This green route employs various reducing and stabilizing agents from biological resources for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The present article aims to review the progress made in recent years on nanoparticle biosynthesis by microbes. These microbial resources include bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis of the most commonly studied metal and metal salt nanoparticles such as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, cadmium, titanium oxide, zinc oxide and cadmium sulphide. These nanoparticles can be used in pharmaceutical products as antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents, targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, water electrolysis, waste water treatment, biosensors, biocatalysis, crop protection against pathogens, degradation of dyes etc. This review will discuss in detail various microbial modes of nanoparticles synthesis and the mechanism of their synthesis by various bioreducing agents such as enzymes, peptides, proteins, electron shuttle quinones and exopolysaccharides. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis is the need of the hour to develop a technology for large scale production of bio-mediated nanoparticles. The present review also discusses the advantages of various microbial approaches in nanoparticles synthesis and lacuna involved in such processes. This review also highlights the recent milestones achieved on large scale production and future perspectives of nanoparticles.
383 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation on the magnetic hyperthermia therapy through the determination of magnetic nanoparticles such as surface chemistry, intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties are reviewed.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the principles of green chemistry and their application in plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their recent applications are reviewed. But the use of biological materials such as plants is usually safe.
Abstract: Green synthesis of nanoparticles has many potential applications in environmental and biomedical fields. Green synthesis aims in particular at decreasing the usage of toxic chemicals. For instance, the use of biological materials such as plants is usually safe. Plants also contain reducing and capping agents. Here we present the principles of green chemistry, and we review plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their recent applications. Nanoparticles include gold, silver, copper, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide.
337 citations
Cites background from "Green nanotechnology - a new hope f..."
...Generally, the chemical methods used are too expensive and incorporate the uses of hazardous and toxic chemicals answerable for various risks to the environment (Nath and Banerjee 2013)....
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References
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TL;DR: A review of gold nanoparticles can be found in this article, where the most stable metal nanoparticles, called gold colloids (AuNPs), have been used for catalysis and biology applications.
Abstract: Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346
11,752 citations
10,184 citations
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...A possible use of them in the construction of body armour has been reported (Mintmire et al., 1992)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a preliminary survey with the electron microscope of various preparations of colloidal gold, a study was made of the process of nucleation and growth in gold colloids, and it was shown that nucleating agents may be identified with reducing agents which form a mixed polymer with chlorauric ion before the reduction to the nucleus takes place.
Abstract: After a preliminary survey with the electron microscope of various preparations of colloidal gold, a study was made of the process of nucleation and growth in gold colloids. It was shown that nucleating agents may be identified with reducing agents which form a mixed polymer with chlorauric ion before the reduction to the nucleus takes place. It was also shown that the law of growth is exponential. The average size, the deviation from the average size and the character of the particle size distribution curve are determined by the amount of gold, the nucleation process and the law of growth.
6,593 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on the synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application of magnetic nanoparticles, as well as the magnetic properties of nanostructured systems.
Abstract: This review focuses on the synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application of magnetic nanoparticles, as well as the magnetic properties of nanostructured systems. Substantial progress in the size and shape control of magnetic nanoparticles has been made by developing methods such as co-precipitation, thermal decomposition and/or reduction, micelle synthesis, and hydrothermal synthesis. A major challenge still is protection against corrosion, and therefore suitable protection strategies will be emphasized, for example, surfactant/polymer coating, silica coating and carbon coating of magnetic nanoparticles or embedding them in a matrix/support. Properly protected magnetic nanoparticles can be used as building blocks for the fabrication of various functional systems, and their application in catalysis and biotechnology will be briefly reviewed. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas will be outlined.
5,956 citations
"Green nanotechnology - a new hope f..." refers background in this paper
...…based particles having an iron oxide core [superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)] coated by either inorganic materials (silica, gold) or organic materials like phospholipids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, peptides, surfactants, polymers (Gupta and Curtis, 2004; Liu et al., 2007)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Green Chemistry: What is green chemistry? as discussed by the authors presents the principles of green chemistry and evaluates the impact of chemistry on the environment. But, it is not a complete overview of all of the issues involved in green chemistry.
Abstract: 1: Introduction. 2: What is Green Chemistry?. 3: Tools of Green Chemistry. 4: Principles of Green Chemistry. 5: Evaluating the Impacts of Chemistry. 6: Evaluating Feedstocks and Starting Materials. 7: Evaluating Reaction Types. 8: Evaluation of Methods to Design Safer Chemicals. 9: Illustrative Examples. 10: Future Trends in Green Chemistry
5,602 citations
"Green nanotechnology - a new hope f..." refers background in this paper
...Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice....
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...…because of the ease in its Green nanotechnology has drawn on the field of green chemistry, and the framework of the Principles of Green Chemistry (Anastas and Warner, 1998) features significantly in work to design new nanotechnologies for joint economic, h a r s T n t 2 n t u p d p v u T o f t t…...
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...Hence, any synthetic route or chemical process should address the fundamental principles of ‘green chemistry’ by using environmentally benign solvents and nontoxic chemicals (Anastas and Warner, 1998)....
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...Metal nanoparticles are particularly unique in nanoscale system because of the ease in its Green nanotechnology has drawn on the field of green chemistry, and the framework of the Principles of Green Chemistry (Anastas and Warner, 1998) features significantly in work to design new nanotechnologies for joint economic, h a r s T n t 2 n t u p d p v u T o f t t g s w L e r 2 A c d o t • • • t n d a b a 2 A t o m b ( e n v i r o n m e n t a l t o x i c o l o g y a n d p ocial, and health/environmental benefit (Hutchison, 2008). hese efforts have been aided by awareness throughout the anotech community that they need to address the potenial negative impacts of nano from the outset (Albrecht et al., 006)....
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