Grid Structural Characteristics as Validation Criteria for Synthetic Networks
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodology and set of validation criteria for the systematic creation of synthetic power system test cases, which do not correspond to any real grid and are free from confidentiality requirements.
Abstract: This paper presents a methodology and set of validation criteria for the systematic creation of synthetic power system test cases The synthesized grids do not correspond to any real grid and are, thus, free from confidentiality requirements The cases are built to match statistical characteristics found in actual power grids First, substations are geographically placed on a selected territory, synthesized from public information about the underlying population and generation plants A clustering technique is employed, which ensures the synthetic substations meet realistic proportions of load and generation, among other constraints Next, a network of transmission lines is added This paper describes several structural statistics to be used in characterizing real power system networks, including connectivity, Delaunay triangulation overlap, dc power flow analysis, and line intersection rate The paper presents a methodology to generate synthetic line topologies with realistic parameters that satisfy these criteria Then, the test cases can be augmented with additional complexities to build large, realistic cases The methodology is illustrated in building a 2000 bus public test case that meets the criteria specified
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TL;DR: A novel autonomous control framework “Grid Mind” is proposed for the secure operation of power grids based on cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that provides a data-driven, model-free and closed-loop control agent trained using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms.
Abstract: In this letter, a novel autonomous control framework “Grid Mind” is proposed for the secure operation of power grids based on cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The proposed platform provides a data-driven, model-free and closed-loop control agent trained using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms by interacting with massive simulations and/or real environment of a power grid. The proposed agent learns from scratch to master the power grid voltage control problem purely from data. It can make autonomous voltage control (AVC) strategies to support grid operators in making effective and timely control actions, according to the current system conditions detected by real-time measurements from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) or phasor measurement units (PMUs). Two state-of-the-art DRL algorithms, namely deep Q-network (DQN) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), are proposed to formulate the AVC problem with performance compared. Case studies on a realistic 200-bus test system demonstrate the effectiveness and promising performance of the proposed framework.
218 citations
Cites methods from "Grid Structural Characteristics as ..."
...The developed DRL agents for AVC are tested on the realistic 200-bus system [10]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: This IEEE PES Task Force report proposes a standardized AC-OPF mathematical formulation and the PGLib-OPf networks for benchmarking AC-opF algorithms and a motivating study demonstrates some limitations of the established network datasets in the context of benchmarking ASF algorithms.
Abstract: In recent years, the power systems research community has seen an explosion of novel methods for formulating the AC power flow equations. Consequently, benchmarking studies using the seminal AC Optimal Power Flow (AC-OPF) problem have emerged as the primary method for evaluating these emerging methods. However, it is often difficult to directly compare these studies due to subtle differences in the AC-OPF problem formulation as well as the network, generation, and loading data that are used for evaluation. To help address these challenges, this IEEE PES Task Force report proposes a standardized AC-OPF mathematical formulation and the PGLib-OPF networks for benchmarking AC-OPF algorithms. A motivating study demonstrates some limitations of the established network datasets in the context of benchmarking AC-OPF algorithms and a validation study demonstrates the efficacy of using the PGLib-OPF networks for this purpose. In the interest of scientific discourse and future additions, the PGLib-OPF benchmark library is open-access and all the of network data is provided under a creative commons license.
161 citations
Additional excerpts
...Texas A&M University Test Cases ACTIVSg200 [43] [43] [43] [43] ACTIVSg500 [43] [43] [43] [43] ACTIVSg2000 [43] [43] [43] [43] ACTIVSg10k [43] [43] [43] [43]...
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TL;DR: A multi-agent AVC (MA-AVC) algorithm based on a multi- agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) method that features centralized training and decentralized execution is developed to solve the AVC problem.
Abstract: The complexity of modern power grids keeps increasing due to the expansion of renewable energy resources and the requirement of fast demand responses, which results in a great challenge for conventional power grid control systems. Existing autonomous control approaches for the power grid requires an accurate system model and a powerful computational platform, which is difficult to scale up for the large-scale energy system with more control options and operating conditions. Facing these challenges, this article proposes a data-driven multi-agent power grid control scheme using a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method. Specifically, the classic autonomous voltage control (AVC) problem is taken as an example and formulated as a Markov Game with a heuristic method to partition agents. Then, a multi-agent AVC (MA-AVC) algorithm based on a multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) method that features centralized training and decentralized execution is developed to solve the AVC problem. The proposed method can learn from scratch and gradually master the system operation rules by input and output data. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MA-AVC algorithm, comprehensive case studies are conducted on an Illinois 200-Bus system considering load/generation changes, N-1 contingencies, and weak centralized communication environment.
119 citations
Cites methods from "Grid Structural Characteristics as ..."
...The proposed MA-AVC scheme is numerically simulated on the Illinois 200-Bus system [22]....
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TL;DR: This paper aims to extend synthetic network base cases for transient stability studies by proposing an automated algorithm to assign appropriate models and parameters to each synthetic generator, according to fuel type, generation capacity, and statistics summarized from actual system cases.
Abstract: A synthetic network modeling methodology has been developed to generate completely fictitious power system models with capability to represent characteristic features of actual power grids. Without revealing any confidential information, synthetic network models can be shared freely for teaching, training, and research purposes. Additional complexities can be added into synthetic models to widen their applications. Thus, this paper aims to extend synthetic network base cases for transient stability studies. An automated algorithm is proposed to assign appropriate models and parameters to each synthetic generator, according to fuel type, generation capacity, and statistics summarized from actual system cases. A two-stage model tuning procedure is also proposed to improve synthetic dynamic models. Several transient stability metrics are developed to validate the created synthetic network dynamic cases. The construction and validation of dynamics for a 2000-bus synthetic test case is provided as an example. Simulation results are presented to verify that the created test case is able to satisfy the transient stability metrics and produce dynamic responses similar to those of actual system cases.
79 citations
Cites methods from "Grid Structural Characteristics as ..."
...A solution has been given in our previous work [8], [9], by developing an automated algorithm to build synthetic power system models that represent the complexity...
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TL;DR: The iterative algorithm presented by this paper supplements a synthetic transmission network that has been validated by a dc power flow with a realistic set of voltage control devices to meet a specified voltage profile, even with the constraints of difficult power flow convergence for large systems.
Abstract: To encourage and support innovation, synthetic electric grids are fictional, designed systems that mimic the complexity of actual electric grids but contain no confidential information. Synthetic grid design is driven by the requirement to match wide variety of metrics derived from statistics of actual grids. In order to scale these systems to 10,000 buses or more, robust reactive power planning is needed, accounting for power flow convergence issues. This paper addresses reactive power planning and power flow convergence in the context of large synthetic power grids. The iterative algorithm presented by this paper supplements a synthetic transmission network that has been validated by a dc power flow with a realistic set of voltage control devices to meet a specified voltage profile, even with the constraints of difficult power flow convergence for large systems. The algorithm is illustrated with an example new synthetic 10,000 bus system, geographically situated in the western United States, which is publicly available and useful for a variety of research studies. An analysis is shown validating the synthetic system with actual grid characteristics.
77 citations
Cites methods or result from "Grid Structural Characteristics as ..."
...The approach of [15] and [16] builds on previous work by integrating the spatial, topological, and electrical requirements to make full power flow cases....
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...The present paper builds upon the approach of [16] and is the first study that has scaled network synthesis of full power grids to ten thousand buses, with a focus on reactive power...
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...Synthetic transmission grids, created according to [16], are built initially using an iterative dc power flow solution, which...
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...The full method is described in [15] and [16], with [21] giving details important to this step for large systems with multiple areas...
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...Synthetic grids, created according to the method of [16], not only lack a previous ac power flow solution, but have no initial set of voltage control devices, including reactive power resources....
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References
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TL;DR: Simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks ‘rewired’ to introduce increasing amounts of disorder are explored, finding that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs.
Abstract: Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
39,297 citations
"Grid Structural Characteristics as ..." refers background in this paper
...The work of [2]–[5] outlines an approach to generating truly synthetic transmission line topologies, based on the small world approach first described in [6]....
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TL;DR: Developments in this field are reviewed, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
Abstract: Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
17,647 citations
"Grid Structural Characteristics as ..." refers background in this paper
...Other graph-theory and statistical analyses of power systems, including [7]–[9], highlight bus nodal degree, average clustering coefficient, and average shortest path length as properties that characterize real power systems....
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This book offers a coherent treatment, at the graduate textbook level, of the field that has come to be known in the last decade or so as computational geometry.
Abstract: From the reviews: "This book offers a coherent treatment, at the graduate textbook level, of the field that has come to be known in the last decade or so as computational geometry...The book is well organized and lucidly written; a timely contribution by two founders of the field. It clearly demonstrates that computational geometry in the plane is now a fairly well-understood branch of computer science and mathematics. It also points the way to the solution of the more challenging problems in dimensions higher than two."
6,525 citations
"Grid Structural Characteristics as ..." refers background in this paper
...The Euclidian minimum spanning tree, which connects all points at the shortest possible distance with n − 1 segments, is guaranteed to be a subset of the Delaunay triangulation [24]....
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...This graph is calculated from a set of coordinates, dividing the plane into triangles, in which no triangle’s circumcircle contains another point [24]....
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Book•
30 Jul 1997TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling procedure called Multimachine Dynamic Models for Energy Function Methods, which automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process of Synchronous Machine Modeling.
Abstract: 1 Introduction 2 Electromagnetic Transients 3 Synchronous Machine Modeling 4 Synchronous Machine Control Models 5 Single-Machine Dynamic Models 6 Multimachine Dynamic Models 7 Multimachine Simulation 8 Small-Signal Stability 9 Energy Function Methods Appendix A: Integral Manifolds for Model Bibliography Index
2,004 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the most relevant scientific studies investigating the properties of different Power Grids infrastructures using Complex Network Analysis techniques and methodologies and traces the evolution in such field of the approach of study during the years to see the improvement achieved in the analysis.
Abstract: The statistical tools of Complex Network Analysis are of useful to understand salient properties of complex systems, may these be natural or pertaining human engineered infrastructures. One of these that is receiving growing attention for its societal relevance is that of electricity distribution. In this paper, we present a survey of the most relevant scientific studies investigating the properties of different Power Grids infrastructures using Complex Network Analysis techniques and methodologies. We categorize and explore the most relevant literature works considering general topological properties, physical properties, and differences between the various graph-related indicators and reliability aspects. We also trace the evolution in such field of the approach of study during the years to see the improvement achieved in the analysis.
586 citations
"Grid Structural Characteristics as ..." refers background or result in this paper
...Other graph-theory and statistical analyses of power systems, including [7]–[9], highlight bus nodal degree, average clustering coefficient, and average shortest path length as properties that characterize real power systems....
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...The figure is within the range given by other previous studies [3], [8], [9]....
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