Gross anatomy and histology of the olfactory rosette of the shark Heptranchias perlo
TL;DR: The immunohistochemical investigation of the sensory epithelium shows the absence of immunoreactivity for Gαolf in receptor neurons, which confirms previous observations in Chondrichthyes.
About: This article is published in Zoology.The article was published on 2017-06-01. It has received 12 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Olfactory system & Olfactory epithelium.
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TL;DR: A principal component analysis elucidates the possible ecological role and phylogenetic relationship of the chondrichthyan olfactory organ and describes the shape of the secondary folds and evaluates how they contribute to the epithelial surface area.
Abstract: The olfactory organ of Chondrichthyes is characterized by a central support with several lamellae covered by a sensory olfactory epithelium. Although secondary folds are present on the lamellae in all the chondrichthyan species analyzed to date, their shape and size have not been described. We here analyze the olfactory organ of 13 elasmobranch and 1 holocephalan species, describe the shape of the secondary folds and evaluate how they contribute to the actual epithelial surface area. The secondary folds vary in shape and size, and they should always be considered when comparing the epithelial surface area among species. Because of the complexity of the shapes, we approach the description of the secondary folds by analyzing histological sections of the olfactory lamellae to obtain representative silhouettes. We introduce two indexes in order to describe a 2D-sectioned shape of the secondary folds. Considering the different numerical parameters which describe the morphology of the olfactory organ (secondary folds included), a principal component analysis elucidates the possible e ecological role and phylogenetic relationship of the chondrichthyan olfactory organ.
34 citations
TL;DR: This work aims to give here an unambiguous definition of olfactory lamella, that should be each single fold of tissue extending from the raphe, and of lamellar number of a given species, thatshould be the average number of lamella in one Olfactory organ.
Abstract: Several papers regard the anatomy of the peripheral olfactory organ, the olfactory rosette, in the class of Chondrichtyes. The complex shape of this organ and the differences among species give clues to functional, evolutionary, and ecological observations; data on a larger number of species are needed in order to have a more complete insight. The rosette is made up of a central support and of numerous lamellae, which are lined by the sensory epithelium. The size, shape and number of these lamellae, which are highly variable among species, are noteworthy because they affect the sensory surface area, the water dynamic within the olfactory chamber, and the organization of the olfactory bulb. In the literature about Chondrichthyes, the definition of olfactory lamella is confused, because authors use the same words for different structures. The average number of lamellae is distinctive for each species, and the meaning of this difference is not completely understood and, in this frame, a not unambiguous definition of lamella leads to difficulties in comparing data from different publications and analyzing them together. We aim to give here a unambiguous definition of olfactory lamella, that should be each single fold of tissue extending from the raphe, and of lamellar number of a given species, that should be the average number of lamellae in one olfactory organ. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
28 citations
Cites background from "Gross anatomy and histology of the ..."
...1d) (Asai, 1913; Meng and Yin, 1981a,b; Theisen et al., 1986; Zeiske et al., 1987; Abel et al., 2010; Arif, 2011; Rygg et al., 2013; Cox, 2013; Ferrando et al., 2017) or a two-folds structure (Fig....
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...Indeed a histological study on the olfactory epithelium of H. perlo showed primitive features also in its supporting cells (Ferrando et al., 2017)....
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...…species, thus they have been recorded and sometimes compared (Asai, 1913; Holl, 1973; Meng and Yin, 1981a,b; Takami et al., 1994; Fishelson and Baranes, 1997; Kajiura et al., 2005; Schluessel et al., 2008; Theiss et al., 2009; Meredith and Kajiura, 2010; Arif, 2011; Ferrando et al., 2016, 2017)....
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...…cuvier (Meng and Yin, 1981a; Schluessel et al., 2008), H. elongata (Meng and Yin, 1981a; Schluessel et al., 2008), H. perlo (Meng and Yin, 1981a, Ferrando et al., 2017), N. kuhlii (Meng and Yin, 1981a; Schluessel et al., 2008), Sphyrna lewini (Meng and Yin, 1981a; Kajiura et al., 2005;…...
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...…and Yin, 1981a,b; Takami et al., 1994; Kajiura et al., 2005; Fishelson and Baranes, 1997; Meredith and Kajiura, 2010; Arif, 2011; Ferrando et al., 2016; Ferrando et al., 2017) or for both, i.e., the total number of olfactory lamellae of the specimens (Schluessel et al., 2008; Theiss et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment as mentioned in this paper, and it can be seen as the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside.
Abstract: The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall input-output (I/O) relationships. Up to this point, our accounts of the systems go along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: whereas in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers, were little studied. Only recently has there been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little-connected fields.
20 citations
TL;DR: The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment as mentioned in this paper , and it can be seen as the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside.
Abstract: The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall input-output (I/O) relationships. Up to this point, our accounts of the systems go along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: whereas in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers, were little studied. Only recently has there been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little-connected fields.
19 citations
TL;DR: The Antarctic notothenioid fish Dissostichus mawsoni (Antarctic toothfish) is an important piscine top predator in the Southern Ocean and its olfactory system is described, where olfaction is key sensory system.
Abstract: The Antarctic notothenioid fish Dissostichus mawsoni (Antarctic toothfish) is an important piscine top predator in the Southern Ocean. Good olfactory capability has been hypothesized for this species on the basis of morphological (size of its olfactory bulb compared to other notothenioids) and behavioral (long distance migrations for food search and reproduction) traits. Here, we provide new information on the structure and function of the olfactory rosette and bulb of D. mawsoni using histology. Adult specimens (total length 136.2 ± 11.6 cm) were collected from McMurdo Sound. The rosettes had an average of 39 lamellae, without secondary folds and with a total surface area of about 1000 mm2. Both putative ciliated and microvillous receptor neurons were present in the sensory epithelium. Their projections to clustered glomeruli in the olfactory bulb were observed using antibodies against G-proteins. Numerous rodlet cells were observed in the epithelium and Gαi2-like immunoreactivity was present in their cytoplasm. This deserves further investigation given the still-debated nature of this cell type. Through the isotropic fractionator method, we showed 116,000 cells (mg of tissue)−1 in the olfactory bulb of D. mawsoni, a density that is similar to those found in mammals. Taken together, these data describe a well-developed olfactory system in this species, where olfaction is key sensory system.
7 citations
Cites background from "Gross anatomy and histology of the ..."
...The antisera against G-protein alpha subunits can be considered as markers of the two main types of olfactory receptor neurons, respectively, microvillous (Gαi and Gαo) and ciliated (Gαolf), highlighting the dendrites as well as the axons, and thus revealing the projections of the neurons to the olfactory bulb (e.g., Hansen et al. 2004; Wakabayashi and Ichikawa 2008; Ferrando et al. 2009; Quintana-Urzainqui et al. 2014; Ferrando et al. 2017)....
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References
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TL;DR: The origins, challenges and solutions of NIH Image and ImageJ software are discussed, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
Abstract: For the past 25 years NIH Image and ImageJ software have been pioneers as open tools for the analysis of scientific images. We discuss the origins, challenges and solutions of these two programs, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
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TL;DR: In this article, a targeted expression of the green fluorescent protein in chemosensory cells is proposed to characterize receptor-ligand interactions, which is a promising approach to achieve this objective.
Abstract: The chemical senses (smell and taste) have evolved complex repertoires of chemosensory receptors — G-protein coupled receptors with a seven-transmembrane domain structure. In the mouse, ∼1,000 odorant receptors are dedicated to the conventional sense of smell, ∼300 vomeronasal receptors mediate the detection of chemical stimuli (such as pheromones) by the vomeronasal organ, and ∼40 taste receptors are implicated in bitter, sweet and umami taste. Nearly all receptor genes have now been identified as the result of genome sequencing, but few receptor–ligand interactions have been characterized. Targeted expression of the green fluorescent protein in chemosensory cells is a promising approach to achieve this objective.
643 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that exploiting well-described model systems using both human airway epithelial cells and the pseudostratified epithelium of the genetically tractable mouse trachea will enable crucial discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of airway disease.
Abstract: The small airways of the human lung undergo pathological changes in pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans and cystic fibrosis. These clinical problems impose huge personal and societal healthcare burdens. The changes, termed ‘pathological airway remodeling’, affect the epithelium, the underlying mesenchyme and the reciprocal trophic interactions that occur between these tissues. Most of the normal human airway is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells, secretory cells and 6–30% basal cells, the proportion of which varies along the proximal-distal axis. Epithelial abnormalities range from hypoplasia (failure to differentiate) to basal- and goblet-cell hyperplasia, squamous- and goblet-cell metaplasia, dysplasia and malignant transformation. Mesenchymal alterations include thickening of the basal lamina, smooth muscle hyperplasia, fibrosis and inflammatory cell accumulation. Paradoxically, given the prevalence and importance of airway remodeling in lung disease, its etiology is poorly understood. This is due, in part, to a lack of basic knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation, maintenance and repair of the airway epithelium. Specifically, little is known about the proliferation and differentiation of basal cells, a multipotent stem cell population of the pseudostratified airway epithelium. This Perspective summarizes what we know, and what we need to know, about airway basal cells to evaluate their contributions to normal and abnormal airway remodeling. We contend that exploiting well-described model systems using both human airway epithelial cells and the pseudostratified epithelium of the genetically tractable mouse trachea will enable crucial discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of airway disease.
640 citations
Agency for Science, Technology and Research1, National University of Singapore2, Max Planck Society3, University of Maryland, Baltimore4, Hokkaido University5, San Francisco State University6, University of Toronto7, Spanish National Research Council8, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies9, University of California, Santa Cruz10, Washington University in St. Louis11
TL;DR: The whole-genome analysis of a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), finds that the C. milii genome is the slowest evolving of all known vertebrates, and features extensive synteny conservation with tetrapod genomes, making it a good model for comparative analyses of gnathostome genomes.
Abstract: The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws, paired fins and immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. Gnathostomes subsequently diverged into two groups, the cartilaginous fishes and the bony vertebrates. Here we report the whole-genome analysis of a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). We find that the C. milii genome is the slowest evolving of all known vertebrates, including the ‘living fossil’ coelacanth, and features extensive synteny conservation with tetrapod genomes, making it a good model for comparative analyses of gnathostome genomes. Our functional studies suggest that the lack of genes encoding secreted calcium-binding phosphoproteins in cartilaginous fishes explains the absence of bone in their endoskeleton. Furthermore, the adaptive immune system of cartilaginous fishes is unusual: it lacks the canonical CD4 co-receptor and most transcription factors, cytokines and cytokine receptors related to the CD4 lineage, despite the presence of polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. It thus presents a new model for understanding the origin of adaptive immunity. Whole-genome analysis of the elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish, shows that it is the slowest evolving of all known vertebrates, lacks critical bone formation genes and has an unusual adaptive immune system. The elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii) is a cartilaginous fish native to the temperate waters off southern Australia and New Zealand, living at depths of 200 to 500 metres and migrating into shallow waters during spring for breeding. The genome sequence is published in this issue of Nature. Comparison with other vertebrate genomes shows that it is the slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates — coelacanth included. Genome analysis points to an unusual adaptive immune system lacking the CD4 receptor and some associated cytokines, indicating that cartilaginous fishes possess a primordial gnathostome adaptive immune system. Also absent are genes encoding secreted calcium-binding phosphoproteins, in line with the absence of bone in cartilaginous fish.
616 citations
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Abstract: Summary
Tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) is one of the most widely used anaesthetics for poikilotherms worldwide. This paper outlines its anaesthetic efficacy and dosage in fish and legislation for its use, fish stress responses to MS-222 anaesthesia and its effect on fish physiology and blood properties, pharmacokinetics, genotoxicity, immune response, potential interference with fish hepatic cytochrome P450 spectra, and its impact on nerve sensitivity. Key questions arising from the available data are analysed, such as regulatory constraints on its use, the need for the standardization of buffering protocols, and interdependencies of the factors impacting the specific applicative efficacy of MS-222. Current research has provided an abundance of data on MS-222 use in fish, although the applications within these studies are often impractical at the farming level. Specific emphasis is therefore placed on highlighting application strategies on a practical basis, presenting potential future research on topics that require in-depth analysis (preparation and storage of anaesthetic solutions, pre-anaesthetic sedation and stress reduction, cortisol response in aquarium fish, toxicity of MS-222 metabolites, and possible immunodepressive properties). Additionally, both from a scientific and practical perspective, it is necessary to have a better understanding of safety margins, induction, immersion and recovery times for many (marine and freshwater, farmed and ornamental) fish species in order to achieve optimal utilization.
266 citations