Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 1 – Literature review and research challenges in modeling and optimal control
TL;DR: In this paper, a compact overview of the state-of-the-art in modeling of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems and an in-depth review of their optimal control along with the associated research challenges are given.
Abstract: In this paper, a compact overview of the state-of-the-art in modeling of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems and an in-depth review of their optimal control along with the associated research challenges are given. The main focus is on optimal control but since design of an optimal controller may require a model, a relatively short literature review of modeling approaches is also discussed. Adopting the adage “a picture is worth a thousand words”, we tried to include a minimal number of representative schematics and result figures for some of the reviewed studies for clarity and a better understanding of the presented material. In addition to the literature review, we included our comments, points of view, alternative solutions and some potential future directions. This review paper is useful both for engineers and researchers involved in modeling and optimal control of GCHP systems. The second part of the paper, “Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps: Part 2 – Literature Review and Research Challenges in Optimal Design”, focuses on the literature review on optimal design and the associated design challenges for GCHP systems.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a common dictionary and taxonomy that gives a common ground to all the engineering disciplines involved in building design and control, and critically discuss the outcomes of different existing MPC algorithms for building and HVAC system management.
Abstract: In the last few years, the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for energy management in buildings has received significant attention from the research community. MPC is becoming more and more viable because of the increase in computational power of building automation systems and the availability of a significant amount of monitored building data. MPC has found successful implementation in building thermal regulation, fully exploiting the potential of building thermal mass. Moreover, MPC has been positively applied to active energy storage systems, as well as to the optimal management of on-site renewable energy sources. MPC also opens up several opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency in the operation of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems because of its ability to consider constraints, prediction of disturbances and multiple conflicting objectives, such as indoor thermal comfort and building energy demand. Despite the application of MPC algorithms in building control has been thoroughly investigated in various works, a unified framework that fully describes and formulates the implementation is still lacking. Firstly, this work introduces a common dictionary and taxonomy that gives a common ground to all the engineering disciplines involved in building design and control. Secondly the main scope of this paper is to define the MPC formulation framework and critically discuss the outcomes of different existing MPC algorithms for building and HVAC system management. The potential benefits of the application of MPC in improving energy efficiency in buildings were highlighted.
319 citations
Cites background from "Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 1 –..."
..., ventilation systems [35], ground-coupled heat pumps [36], thermal storages [37], window control [38], etc....
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TL;DR: Geothermal heat is an energy source that is local, reliable, resilient, environmentally-friendly, and sustainable as mentioned in this paper, and has different applications, such as heating and cooling of buildings, generating electricity, providing warm/cold water for agricultural products in greenhouses, and balneological use.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the existing literature on supervisory control for improving the energy flexibility provided by heat pumps in buildings is presented, where a distinction was drawn between rule-based controls (RBC) and model predictive controls (MPC), given the clear differences in their concept and complexity.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art two-dimensional and three-dimensional heat transfer models for borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and energy pile (EP) systems are reviewed.
Abstract: The ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been extensively applied to commercial and residential buildings owing to their high-energy efficiencies and low running costs. The key component of the GSHP is a ground heat exchanger (GHE). The state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) heat transfer models for borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and energy pile (EP) systems are reviewed in this paper. The physical procedures of heat transfer and the derivation of energy conservation within different channels of BHE (e.g., U-, W-, helical-shaped or coaxial-shaped) are summarized, in addition to the primary merits and demerits of each model. The main influencing factors on 2D and 3D model solutions including axial heat transfer, friction heat, spacing shack, thermal resistance, thermal short-circuiting between the inlet-pipe and outlet-pipe, are analysed and compared. Furthermore, various applications of these 2D and 3D models are elaborated. Finally, the recommendations, standpoints and potential future research on BHE heat transfer model are highlighted. It is believed that the work presented will contribute to the record of information and experiences necessary to develop BHEs for GSHP systems.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new analytical model for deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHE) with coaxial pipes was developed by successfully addressing the increasing borehole wall temperature using the convolution theorem, so that the widely employed quasi-three-dimensional models for shallow borehole GHE is extended for DBHE for the first time.
61 citations
References
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31 Dec 1959
TL;DR: In this paper, a classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems, including boundary value maximization.
Abstract: This classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems.
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TL;DR: Das Buch behandelt die Systemidentifizierung in dem theoretischen Bereich, der direkte Auswirkungen auf Verstaendnis and praktische Anwendung der verschiedenen Verfahren zur IdentifIZierung hat.
Abstract: Das Buch behandelt die Systemidentifizierung in dem theoretischen Bereich, der direkte Auswirkungen auf Verstaendnis und praktische Anwendung der verschiedenen Verfahren zur Identifizierung hat. Da ...
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TL;DR: A predictive control scheme is proposed which is able to stabilize MLD systems on desired reference trajectories while fulfilling operating constraints, and possibly take into account previous qualitative knowledge in the form of heuristic rules.
2,980 citations
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01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Extremum seeking is a method of adaptive control outside the classical paradigm or model reference and related schemes as discussed by the authors, which is an on-line methodology, performed by feedback, with the ability to achieve rapid convergence.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Extremum seeking is a method of adaptive control outside the classical paradigm or model reference and related schemes. The unique feature of extremum seeking as an optimization tool is that is is an on-line methodology, performed by feedback, and with the ability to achieve rapid convergence. A second distinction between classical adaptive control and extremum seeking is that the latter is not model based. Its non-model based character explains the remarkable popularity of extremum seeking in the last half decade: the recent applications in fluid flow combustion, and biomedical systems are all characterized by complex, unreliable models. Written by authorities in the field and pioneers in adaptive nonlinear control systems, this book presents both significant theoretic value and important practical potential.
1,078 citations