Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived ground motion prediction equations for average horizontal-component ground motions as a function of earthquake magnitude, distance from source to site, local average shear-wave velocity, and fault type.
Abstract: This paper contains ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for average horizontal-component ground motions as a function of earthquake magnitude, distance from source to site, local average shear-wave velocity, and fault type. Our equations are for peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and 5%-damped pseudo-absolute-acceleration spectra (PSA) at periods between 0.01 s and 10 s. They were derived by empirical regression of an extensive strong-motion database compiled by the “PEER NGA” (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Next Generation Attenuation) project. For periods less than 1s , the analysis used 1,574 records from 58 mainshocks in the distance range from 0 km to 400 km (the number of available data decreased as period increased). The primary predictor variables are moment magnitude M, closest horizontal distance to the surface projection of the fault plane R JB , and the time-averaged shear-wave velocity from the surface to 30 m VS30. The equations are applicable for M =5–8 , RJB 200 km, and VS30= 180– 1300 m / s. DOI: 10.1193/1.2830434
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TL;DR: In this article, ground motion prediction equations for computing median and standard deviations of average horizontal component intensity measures (IMs) for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions were provided.
Abstract: We provide ground motion prediction equations for computing medians and standard deviations of average horizontal component intensity measures (IMs) for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tecton...
1,024 citations
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TL;DR: The NGA-West2 project database as mentioned in this paper includes ground motion data recorded from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regimes post-2000 and a set of small-t...
Abstract: The NGA-West2 project database expands on its predecessor to include worldwide ground motion data recorded from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regimes post-2000 and a set of small-t...
800 citations
Cites methods from "Ground-motion prediction equations ..."
...In the NGA-West1 project, GMPE developers either removed aftershocks from the data set (Boore and Atkinson 2008, Campbell and Bozorgnia 2008), included them with a term to account for a constant scale factor difference between main shock and aftershock motions (Abrahamson and Silva 2008, Chiou and…...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an update that corrects the shortcomings identified in those equations, which are primarily, but not exclusively, related to the model for the ground-motion variability.
Abstract: The true performance of ground-motion prediction equations is often not fully appreciated until they are used in practice for seismic hazard analyses and applied to a wide range of scenarios and exceedance levels. This has been the case for equations published recently for the prediction of peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and response spectral ordinates in Europe, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean (Akkar and Bommer 2007a,b). This paper presents an update that corrects the shortcomings identified in those equations, which are primarily, but not exclusively, related to the model for the ground-motion variability.
Strong-motion recording networks in Europe and the Middle East were first installed much later than in the United States and Japan but have grown considerably over the last four decades. The databanks of strong-motion data have grown in parallel with the accelerograph networks, and in addition to national collections there have been concerted efforts over more than two decades to develop and maintain a European database of associated metadata ( e.g. , Ambraseys et al. 2004).
As the database of strong-motion records from Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the Middle East has expanded, there have been two distinct trends in terms of developing empirical ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs): equations derived from a large dataset covering several countries, generally of moderate-to-high seismicity; and equations derived from local databanks for application within national borders. We refer to the former as pan-European models, noting that this is for expedience since the equations are really derived for southern Europe, the Maghreb (North Africa), and the active areas of the Middle East. The history of the development of both pan-European and national equations is discussed by Bommer et al. (2010), who also review studies that consider the arguments for and against the existence of consistent regional …
602 citations
Chengdu University of Technology1, Charles University in Prague2, University of Potsdam3, University of Southern California4, University of Twente5, Cardiff University6, United States Geological Survey7, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology8, University of Waterloo9, China Earthquake Administration10
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze how earthquakes trigger landslides and highlight research gaps, and suggest pathways toward a more complete understanding of the seismic effects on the Earth's surface, highlighting research gaps.
Abstract: Large earthquakes initiate chains of surface processes that last much longer than the brief moments of strong shaking. Most moderate‐ and large‐magnitude earthquakes trigger landslides, ranging from small failures in the soil cover to massive, devastating rock avalanches. Some landslides dam rivers and impound lakes, which can collapse days to centuries later, and flood mountain valleys for hundreds of kilometers downstream. Landslide deposits on slopes can remobilize during heavy rainfall and evolve into debris flows. Cracks and fractures can form and widen on mountain crests and flanks, promoting increased frequency of landslides that lasts for decades. More gradual impacts involve the flushing of excess debris downstream by rivers, which can generate bank erosion and floodplain accretion as well as channel avulsions that affect flooding frequency, settlements, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Ultimately, earthquake sequences and their geomorphic consequences alter mountain landscapes over both human and geologic time scales. Two recent events have attracted intense research into earthquake‐induced landslides and their consequences: the magnitude M 7.6 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake of 1999, and the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake of 2008. Using data and insights from these and several other earthquakes, we analyze how such events initiate processes that change mountain landscapes, highlight research gaps, and suggest pathways toward a more complete understanding of the seismic effects on the Earth's surface.
424 citations
Cites background from "Ground-motion prediction equations ..."
...The ground shaking depends on the source mechanism, the wave propagation, and attenuation along the path to the surface, as well as site and directivity effects (Boore & Atkinson, 2008)....
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TL;DR: In this article, four NGA models and the NGA ground motion database are used to measure the correlations between spectral acceleration values at multiple periods or orientations, and predictive equations are fit to the results.
Abstract: Ground motion models (or “attenuation relationships”) describe the probability distribution of spectral acceleration at an individual period, given a set of predictor variables such as magnitude and distance, but they do not address the correlations between spectral acceleration values at multiple periods or orientations. Those correlations are needed for several calculations related to seismic hazard analysis and ground motion selection. Four NGA models and the NGA ground motion database are used here to measure these correlations, and predictive equations are fit to the results. The equations are valid for periods from 0.01 seconds to 10 seconds, versus similar previous equations that were valid only between 0.05 and 5 seconds and produced unreasonable results if extrapolated. Use of the new NGA ground motion database also facilitates a first study of correlations from intra- and inter-event residuals. Observed correlations are not sensitive to the choice of accompanying ground motion model, and intra-event, inter-event, and total residuals all exhibit similar correlation structure. A single equation is thus applicable for a variety of correlation predictions. A simple example illustrates the use of the proposed equations for one hazard analysis application. DOI: 10.1193/1.2857544
421 citations
Cites methods from "Ground-motion prediction equations ..."
...Empirical correlation coefficients from four NGA GMMs (Abrahamson and Silva 2008, Boore and Atkinson 2008, Campbell and Bozorgnia 2008, Chiou and Youngs 2008), at a variety of period pairs, are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3....
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...…library (http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga) was used to develop response spectra data for analysis, and four NGA ground motion models were used to compute predicted spectral acceleration values (Abrahamson and Silva 2008, Boore and Atkinson 2008, Campbell and Bozorgnia 2008, Chiou and Youngs 2008)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide tables for estimating random horizontal component peak acceleration and 5 percent damped pseudo-acceleration response spectra in terms of the natural, rather than common, logarithm of the ground-motion parameter.
Abstract: In this paper we summarize our recently-published work on estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration for shallow earthquakes in western North America. Although none of the sets of coefficients given here for the equations are new, for the convenience of the reader and in keeping with the style of this special issue, we provide tables for estimating random horizontal-component peak acceleration and 5 percent damped pseudo-acceleration response spectra in terms of the natural, rather than common, logarithm of the ground-motion parameter. The equations give ground motion in terms of moment magnitude, distance, and site conditions for strike-slip, reverse-slip, or unspecified faulting mechanisms. Site conditions are represented by the shear velocity averaged over the upper 30 m, and recommended values of average shear velocity are given for typical rock and soil sites and for site categories used in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program's recommended seismic code provisions. In addition, we stipulate more restrictive ranges of magnitude and distance for the use of our equations than in our previous publications. Finally, we provide tables of input parameters that include a few corrections to site classifications and earthquake magnitude (the corrections made a small enough difference in the ground-motion predictions that we chose not to change the coefficients of the prediction equations).
1,129 citations
"Ground-motion prediction equations ..." refers methods in this paper
...THE EQUATIONS Following the philosophy of Boore et al. (1993, 1994, 1997), we seek simple functional forms for our GMPEs, with the minimum required number of predictor variables....
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TL;DR: In this article, a new empirical ground motion model for PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01-10 s was presented.
Abstract: We present a new empirical ground motion model for PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01– 10 s. The model was developed as part of the PEER Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) project. We used a subset of the PEER NGA database for which we excluded recordings and earthquakes that were believed to be inappropriate for estimating free-field ground motions from shallow earthquake mainshocks in active tectonic regimes. We developed relations for both the median and standard deviation of the geometric mean horizontal component of ground motion that we consider to be valid for magnitudes ranging from 4.0 up to 7.5–8.5 (depending on fault mechanism) and distances ranging from 0 – 200 km. The model explicitly includes the effects of magnitude saturation, magnitude-dependent attenuation, style of faulting, rupture depth, hanging-wall geometry, linear and nonlinear site response, 3-D basin response, and inter-event and intra-event variability. Soil nonlinearity causes the intra-event standard deviation to depend on the amplitude of PGA on reference rock rather than on magnitude, which leads to a decrease in aleatory uncertainty at high levels of ground shaking for sites located on soil. DOI: 10.1193/1.2857546
1,112 citations
"Ground-motion prediction equations ..." refers background in this paper
...Simple conversion factors between GMRotI and other measures of seismic intensity are given by Beyer and Bommer (2006) and Watson-Lamprey and Boore (2007), as well as by Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008)....
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TL;DR: A key component of the NGA research project was the development of a strong-motion database with improved quality and content that could be used for ground-motion research as well as for engineering practice.
Abstract: A key component of the NGA research project was the development of a strong-motion database with improved quality and content that could be used for ground-motion research as well as for engineering practice. Development of the NGA database was executed through the Lifelines program of the PEER Center with contributions from several research organizations and many individuals in the engineering and seismological communities. Currently, the data set consists of 3551 publicly available multi-component records from 173 shallow crustal earthquakes, ranging in magnitude from 4.2 to 7.9. Each acceleration time series has been corrected and filtered, and pseudo absolute spectral acceleration at multiple damping levels has been computed for each of the 3 components of the acceleration time series. The lowest limit of usable spectral frequency was determined based on the type of filter and the filter corner frequency. For NGA model development, the two horizontal acceleration components were further rotated to form the orientationindependent measure of horizontal ground motion (GMRotI50). In addition to the ground-motion parameters, a large and comprehensive list of metadata characterizing the recording conditions of each record was also developed. NGA data have been systematically checked and reviewed by experts and NGA developers. DOI: 10.1193/1.2894831
671 citations
"Ground-motion prediction equations ..." refers methods in this paper
...The source of the strong ground-motion data for the development of the GMPEs in this study is the database compiled in the PEER NGA project (Chiou et al. 2008); the aim of that project was to develop empirical GMPEs using several investigative teams to allow a range of interpretations (this paper…...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes Mw ≥ 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km.
Abstract: This article presents equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes Mw ≥ 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.8 (normal and odd) and 1.3 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.6 over those on rock sites. Disappointingly the standard deviations associated with the derived equations are not significantly lower than those found in previous studies.
533 citations
"Ground-motion prediction equations ..." refers result in this paper
...…against magnitude (presented later) showed that normal-fault earthquakes have amplitudes that are consistently below those for strike-slip and reverse earthquakes for most periods (others have found similar results, including Spudich et al. 1999, Bommer et al. 2003, and Ambraseys et al. 2005)....
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523 citations
"Ground-motion prediction equations ..." refers background in this paper
...This latter term is more precisely called a “random effect for a given event” (e.g., Abrahamson and Youngs 1992)....
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