Growth and metabolism of germinating rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds as influenced by toxic concentrations of lead
TL;DR: It was apparent that reduced growth was associated with increased enzyme activity, probably due to an enhanced protein synthesis, and the activity of catalase, peroxidase, IAA oxidase, and ascorbic acid oxidase incresed in response to lead addition.
About: This article is published in Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie.The article was published on 1977-01-01. It has received 44 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ascorbic acid & Lead acetate.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the growth performance of two populations of Silene dioica (Melandrium sylvestre), one from a copper mine and another from a non-mine soil.
Abstract: Nearly 60 years ago, Prat (1934) initiated the research of heavy metal resistance in plants when he was analysing the growth performance of two populations of Silene dioica (Melandrium sylvestre), one from a copper mine and one from a non-mine soil. He was able to demonstrate a heritable copper resistance in the mine population, relative to the non-mine population, which he explained as a result of evolution by natural selection. Nearly 20 years later Bradshaw (1952) and Baumeister (1954) started further research on ecological and physiological differentiation between plants from metal-enriched and noncontaminated habitats. The species chosen for study were predominantly Agrostis capillaris in the Bradshaw group (Jowett 1959; Gregory 1965; McNeilly 1965; Antonovics 1966) and Silene vulgaris in the Baumeister group (Broker 1962; Ernst 1964; Gries 1965; Riither 1966). In the late 1950s Duvigneaud (1958), while studying the vegetation on metalliferous soils in Central Africa, added to the above approaches a phytogeographic one and introduced the study of speciation processes in metallophytes. In the 1950s, the study of evolutionary and physiological aspects of metal resistance was hampered by the absence of convenient techniques for measuring metal concentrations in small plant samples. The techniques available for metal analysis were either timeconsuming, such as phase separation (Ernst 1964), or costly and only applicable for laboratory-raised plant material, i.e. radiolabelling (Turner & Gregory 1967; Peterson 1969). Only after applying atomic absorption spectrophotometry on wet-ashed plant material (Reilly 1967) did time and cost-effective metal analyses become possible.
586 citations
01 Jan 1983
446 citations
TL;DR: It was shown thatLead delayed germination and lowered the ability of seeds to germinate in a dose-dependent manner in the species with highly lead-permeable seed coats, and seed coat permeability varied during imbibition of seeds with coats highly permeable to lead.
276 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Salicylic acid (SA) was applied to rice in two cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L. cvs. Ratna and IR 36) to improve the degradation of membranes caused by lipoxygenase (LOX) activity.
Abstract: Deterioration of membranes caused by lipoxygenase (LOX) activity under 10 µM PbCl2 or 10 µM HgCl2 was partially alleviated by the exogenous application of 100 µM salicylic acid (SA). In two cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L. cvs. Ratna and IR 36), the presence of SA ameliorated the increased leakage of electrolytes, injury index, and the content of malondialdehyde caused by these heavy metals. Lead decreased H2O2 content whereas Hg increased it in both cultivars. Application of SA increased H2O2 in presence of Pb, while decreased it in presence of Hg. Both Pb and Hg decreased superoxide dismutase activity, while increased peroxidase activity. The activity of catalase was decreased by Hg but increased by Pb and SA reversed their effects. Thus, SA ameliorated the damaging effects of Pb and Hg on membranes.
236 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that Pb and Zn significantly delayed and impeded the germination of chickpea seeds and the negative effect of Pb on germination was higher than that of Zn.
Abstract: The present work describes the changes that take place in phytohormone contents in germinating chickpea (Cicer arietinum cv. Aziziye-94) seeds in response to heavy metal stress. For this aim, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3), zeatin (Z) and zeatin riboside (ZR) contents were followed for 24, 48 and 72 h in chickpea seeds germinating at the concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mM Pb or 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mM Zn. The results showed that Pb and Zn significantly delayed and impeded the germination of chickpea seeds. The negative effect of Pb on germination was higher than that of Zn. Further, Pb increased ABA and Z contents while decreased GA3 content in the germinating seeds. The high concentrations of Zn (1.0 and 10 mM) decreased contents of Z, ZR and GA3 while 0.1 mM Zn increased the content of the same hormones. The ABA content was enhanced by Zn in all concentrations used.
172 citations
Cites background from "Growth and metabolism of germinatin..."
...There is a number of reports on the inhibitory and toxic effects of lead in the germination of seeds of the following species: Oryza sativa (Mukherji and Maitra 1977), Lupinus luteus (Wozny et al....
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...There is a number of reports on the inhibitory and toxic effects of lead in the germination of seeds of the following species: Oryza sativa (Mukherji and Maitra 1977), Lupinus luteus (Wozny et al. 1982), Sinapsis alba (Fargasova 1994), Sonchus oleraceus (Xiong 1997), Brassica pekinensis (Xiong…...
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References
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TL;DR: A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorlmetric estimation of desoxyribonucleic acid in wheat germ nuclei and some aspects of their glycolytic metabolism.
Abstract: 1. ALLFREY, V., STERN, H., MIRSKY, A. E. and SAETREN, H. The isolation of cell nuclei in non-aqueous imedia. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 35: 529-554. 1952. 2. BRUCKNER, J. Estimation of monosacchar ides by the orcinol-suiphulric reaction. Biochem. Jour. 60: 200-205. 1955. 3. BURTON, K. A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorlmetric estimation of desoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem. Jour. 62: 315-323. 1956. 4. GODDARD, D. R. Cytochrome c an(1 Cytochrome oxidase from wheat germ. Amer. Jotur. Bot. 31: 270276. 1944. 5. HOGEBOOM, G. H. and SCHNEIDER, W. C. Physical state of certain respiratory enzymes of mitochondria. Jour. Biol. Chem. 194: 512-519. 1952. 6. JOHNSTON. F. B. and STERN, H. Mass isolation of viable wheat embryos. Natture 179: 160-161. 1957. 7. OGUR, M. and ROSEN, G. The nucleic acids of plant tissues, I. Arch. Biochem. 25: 262-276. 1950. 8. SCHNEIDER, R. M. and PETERMANN, M. L. Nuclei from normal and leukemic mouse spleen. Cancer Research 10: 751-754. 1950. 9. SMILLIE, R. M. Enzymic activities of sub-cellular particles from leaves, I. Australian Jour. Biol. Sci. 9: 81-91. 1956. 10. STAFFORD, H. A. Intracellular localization of enzymes in pea seedlings. Physiol. Plantarum 4: 696-741. 1951. 11. STERN, H. and MIRSKY, A. E. Soluble enzymes of nuclei isolated in stucrose and non-aqueous media. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 37: 177-187. 1953. 12. STERN, H. and MIRSKY, A. E. The isolation of wheat germ nuclei and some aspects of their glycolytic metabolism. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 36: 181200. 1952. 13. VOLKIN, E. and COHN, WV. E. Estimation of nucleic acids. In: Methods of Biochemical Analysis, David Glick. ed. Vol. 1, pp. 287-306. Interscience Publ., Inc., New York 1954.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Pb contamination on photosynthesis and transpiration in corn and sunflower leaves were investigated and the pathways of CO2 and water vapor exchange were discussed.
Abstract: Detached corn and sunflower leaves supplied with PbCl2 via the transpiration stream exhibited reduced rates of photosynthesis. The difference between species in the amount of Pb taken up was in direct proportion to their respective transpiration rates. For both species the reduction in photosynthesis and the amount of Pb taken up increased with increasing treatment concentrations. A corresponding reduction occurred in the rate of transpiration suggesting that stomatal resistance may be increased by Pb contamination. The pathways of CO2 and water vapor exchange are discussed in relation to the effects of Pb on photosynthesis and transpiration.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of toxic concentrations of cupric sulphate on the growth of lettuce (Lectuca sativa) seedlings were investigated. And it was shown that root growth is completely inhibited at 5 x 10-2M and germination stops altogether at 10-1M.
Abstract: This paper provides information on the effects of toxic concentrations of cupric sulphate on the growth of lettuce (Lectuca sativa) seedlings. Root growth is completely inhibited at 5 x 10-2M and germination stops altogether at 10-1M. The relative inhibition of root growth is stronger than that of hypocotyl growth. Various metabolites and hormones are partially capable of relieving copper inhibition.
Catalase, peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activity shows increments directly proportional to the concentration of copper. It is obvious that growth is inversely proportional to enzyme activity. The increased level of these enzymes is probably due to an accelerated protein synthesis.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of CCC and Amo-1618 on growth, catalase, peroxidase, and lAA-oxidases were studied on coleoptile and primary leaves.
Abstract: Barley seedlings were grown in darkness on filter paper saturated with phosphate buffer or CCC and Amo-1618 buffered solutions. The effects of CCC and Amo-1618 on growth, catalase, peroxidase and lAA-oxidase were studied on coleoptile and primary leaves.
Both growth-retarding chemicals cause an inhibition of growth, Amo-1618 being more effective than CCC. They have no effect on catalase activity.
Increasing concentrations of CCC and Amo-1618 progressively stimulate peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activities (Amo-1618 more than CCC). The enzymatic activity in short-treated plants is higher than in the corresponding control plants of the same height.
It is proposed that CCC and Amo-1618 exert their effect on the growth of barley by acting on auxin catabolism.
46 citations
TL;DR: The recovery of radioactive IAA from tobaccoo plants fed 14C-labeled tryptamine (TNH2) suggested that this compound was a possible precursor of IAA synthesiis in tobacco, and confirmed by studying the synthesis of auxin in a cell-free system from tobacco terminal buds.
Abstract: Plants infected with the vascular pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, exhibit symptoms associated with auxin imbalance. The content of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) has been shown to increase 100-fold in inoculated tobacco plants (7). The origin of IAIA in di;seased tissues has remained relatively obscure, although preliminary data suggest that the host contributes most of the auxin during early stages of pathogenesis (6). Progress in this area has been impeded by the similarity in pathways of biosynthesis of IAA from tryptophan (TTP) in higher plants and microorganisms. A possible approach to the problem of IAA synthesis in the host-parasite complex is the determination of differences in synthetic pathways between both mernbers, thus allowing the use of radioactive precursors which only one member can convert to IAA. Alternate pathways in the conversion of TTP to IAA have been reported for P. solanacearutm (8) and one of its hosts, tobacco (6). The recovery of radioactive IAA from tobaccoo plants fed 14C-labeled tryptamine (TNH2) suggesIted that this compound was a possible precursor of IAA synthesiis in tobacco. Confirmation of these results was sought by studying the synthesis of auxin in a cell-free system from tobacco terminal buds. Apical stem sections, 3 cm in length, were removed from 4-week-old tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum var. Bottom Special) grown in sand culture at 280, under 1500 ft-c from a combination of General Blectric Co-ol White, Sylvania Gro Lux and incandescent bullbs on a 12-hour photoperiod. The apices were homogenized in a Sorvall Omnimixer for 4 minutes in cold 20 mM potassium phosphate (pH 6.0) at 2 ml per g fresh weight of tissue. The homogenate was centrifuged at 5000 g for 10 minutes at 00 and the supernatant fraction used without further treatment. If not homogenized immediately, apices were frozen in dry ice and stored at -20? for future use. Reaction mixtures containing tobacco celil-free extracts in 20 mm phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 and 2.5 ptmole/ml L-TTP were incubated for 1 hour at 300. The total volume was 10 ml. Reactions were terminated by heating in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes or by adding an equal volume of 10 % trichloroacetic acid. The protein preciipittated by heat or trichloroacetic acid treatment was removed by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was retained for extraction of indoles. Control mixtures containing heat-inactivated enzyme or no enzyme were treated similarly. In experiments utilizing labeled precursors, DL-TTPl'-"*C (8.95 mrc/mmnole) or TNH2-1'-'*C bi,succinate (2.73 m'c/mmole) were added to reaction mixtures at 0.10 Ac/Aml. Indole compounds were separated into: A) Other-solu'ble acidic, B) ether-soluble basic plus neutral, and C) ether-insoluble components. For this purpose, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 8.2 with solid NaHCO3 and basic and neutral substances were removed by extraction with diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 1 N HOC and acidic substances were extracted with ether. The aqueous layer contained the etherinsoluble components. The 3 fractions were evaporated to 1 ml under reduced pressure at 250. Three-week-old tobacco plants, grown in the manner already described, were removed from the pots and the sand was washed off the roolts. Each pliant was placed in a 250 ml beaker containing either 9.5 mg TNH2-HCI or 10.0 mg DL-TTP to which had been added 2 pc of the appropriate radioactive precursor. Each treatment involved 4 plants. Each plant absorbed the initial 50 ml of solution in about 3 hours. Distifled water was added as required over an incubation peried of 44 hours, after which the plants were immediately frozen in dry ice. The frozen plants were finely ground with a m,ortar and pestle at -78? and the powder was added slowly to 400 ml of hot ethyl acetate. The mixture was boiled for 15 minutes, filtered through cheesecloth and the plant material was ground in 300 ml distilled water in a Waring Blendor. The suspension was filtered through cheesecloth and the solids were discarded. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 3.8 and extracted 3 times with 100 ml ethyl acetate. The acetate fraiction was washed once with distilled water and combined with the original ac-etate extract. Tihe aqueous fractions were bulked, adjusted to pH 3.0 and extracted 3 times with 100 ml diethyl ether. This fraction was labeled 1. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 8.2 with 100 ml 5 % NaH003 and was extracted 1 Supported by Research Grants -Nos. GB125 and GB4209 from the National Science Foundation. 2 Published with the approval of the Director, Wisconsin Agricttltural Experiment Station. Project 1209.
46 citations