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Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
01 Feb 1996-
About: The article was published on 1996-02-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13908 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Animal Care Committees & Laboratory Animal Science.
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TL;DR: The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) published guidelines for the use of wild mammal species in research as mentioned in this paper, which provide a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals in their natural environments.
Abstract: General guidelines for use of wild mammal species are updated from the 1998 version approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) and expanded to include additional resources. Included are details on marking, housing, trapping, and collecting mammals. These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations involving mammals used in research. Institutional animal care and use committees, regulatory agencies, and investigators should review and approve procedures concerning use of vertebrates at any particular institution. These guidelines were prepared and approved by the ASM, whose collective expertise provides a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals in their natural environments.
3,979 citations
TL;DR: A simple, non-invasive procedure that takes advantage of the strong near infrared (NIR) absorption of nanoshells, a new class of gold nanoparticles with tunable optical absorptivities that can undergo passive extravasation from the abnormal tumor vasculature due to their nanoscale size.
1,803 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that primates can learn to reach and grasp virtual objects by controlling a robot arm through a closed-loop brain–machine interface (BMIc) that uses multiple mathematical models to extract several motor parameters from the electrical activity of frontoparietal neuronal ensembles.
Abstract: Reaching and grasping in primates depend on the coordination of neural activity in large frontoparietal ensembles. Here we demonstrate that primates can learn to reach and grasp virtual objects by controlling a robot arm through a closed-loop brain–machine interface (BMIc) that uses multiple mathematical models to extract several motor parameters (i.e., hand position, velocity, gripping force, and the EMGs of multiple arm muscles) from the electrical activity of frontoparietal neuronal ensembles. As single neurons typically contribute to the encoding of several motor parameters, we observed that high BMIc accuracy required recording from large neuronal ensembles. Continuous BMIc operation by monkeys led to significant improvements in both model predictions and behavioral performance. Using visual feedback, monkeys succeeded in producing robot reach-and-grasp movements even when their arms did not move. Learning to operate the BMIc was paralleled by functional reorganization in multiple cortical areas, suggesting that the dynamic properties of the BMIc were incorporated into motor and sensory cortical representations.
1,740 citations
TL;DR: Guidelines for use of wild mammal species in research are updated from Sikes et al. (2011), and include details on capturing, marking, housing, and humanely killing wild mammals.
Abstract: Guidelines for use of wild mammal species in research are updated from [Sikes et al. (2011)][1]. These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations involving the use of mammals in research and teaching; they also incorporate new resources, procedural summaries, and reporting requirements. Included are details on capturing, marking, housing, and humanely killing wild mammals. It is recommended that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), regulatory agencies, and investigators use these guidelines as a resource for protocols involving wild mammals, whether studied in the field or in captivity. These guidelines were prepared and approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), in consultation with professional veterinarians experienced in wildlife research and IACUCs, whose collective expertise provides a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals. The current version of these guidelines and any subsequent modifications are available online on the Animal Care and Use Committee page of the ASM website ( ). Additional resources pertaining to the use of wild animals in research are available at: .
Resumen Los lineamientos para el uso de especies de mamiferos de vida silvestre en la investigacion con base en [Sikes et al. (2011)][1] se actualizaron. Dichos lineamientos cubren tecnicas y regulaciones profesionales actuales que involucran el uso de mamiferos en la investigacion y ensenanza; tambien incorporan recursos nuevos, resumenes de procedimientos y requisitos para reportes. Se incluyen detalles acerca de captura, marcaje, manutencion en cautiverio y eutanasia de mamiferos de vida silvestre. Se recomienda que los comites institucionales de uso y cuidado animal (cifras en ingles: IACUCs), las agencias reguladoras y los investigadores se adhieran a dichos lineamientos como fuente base de protocolos que involucren mamiferos de vida silvestre, ya sea investigaciones de campo o en cautiverio. Dichos lineamientos fueron preparados y aprobados por la ASM, en consulta con profesionales veterinarios experimentados en investigaciones de vida silvestre y IACUCS, de quienes cuya experiencia colectiva provee un entendimiento amplio y exhaustivo de la biologia de mamiferos no-domesticados. La presente version de los lineamientos y modificaciones posteriores estan disponibles en linea en la pagina web de la ASM, bajo Cuidado Animal y Comite de Uso: ( ). Recursos adicionales relacionados con el uso de animales de vida silvestre para la investigacion se encuentran disponibles en ( ).
[1]: #ref-69
1,728 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is argued that this damage to DNA, protein, and lipid is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts.
Abstract: Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.
6,007 citations
3,248 citations
TL;DR: The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) of the National Research Council in the USA, is well known among most individuals involved in laboratory animal care and use and the overall intention is to support the readers to build a programme which creates a system of selfregulation and regulatory oversight.
Abstract: The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) of the National Research Council in the USA, is well known among most individuals involved in laboratory animal care and use. Most of the time insiders refer to it as the ‘Guide’. In the year 2011, ILAR published its eighth edition. This new edition gathered the latest facts, incorporated up-to-date knowledge and reorganized the contents to provide better guidance to laboratory animal care and use programmes. The history of the Guide began in 1946, when Dr Nathan R Brewer and his colleagues in the Chicago area started to improve the care and wellbeing of laboratory animals by exchanging ideas at monthly meetings. The activities of this group led, in 1950, to the foundation of the Animal Care Panel (ACP), which became a growing non-profit organization and was later renamed as American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS). In 1963, the Animal Facilities Standards Committee of the ACP prepared the first edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Gradually, the Guide has become the primary reference in many research organizations in the USA, and compliance with it is obligatory for the Public Health Service (PHS)-assured institutions. When the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation for Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC International) expanded its activities beyond the USA and went international, the Guide became a resource for animal care and use programmes around the world. Today the Guide is one of three primary standards AAALAC uses to evaluate an institution’s animal care and use programme. The other two documents are the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Ag Guide), FASS 2010; and the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, Council of Europe (ETS 123). Over time, the Guide was updated several times culminating in the seventh edition being published in 1996. In the last decade, laboratory animal science advanced so significantly that another update was considered necessary to promote the best animal care and use practices. In 2006, a committee was appointed by the National Research Council in the USA, and started the process of updating the Guide. This process was accompanied by extensive public hearings and solicited comments from a wide range of scientific communities and the public. Fifteen years after its seventh edition, the new eighth edition of the Guide was finally completed and published. The Guide is not a handbook; it is an extensive collection of detailed descriptions of standards for all components of a good laboratory animal care and use programme. The frame of the book not only focuses on the wellbeing of lab animals, but also on the health and safety of people working with animals. Compared with the previous edition, the eighth edition is organized differently. After a brief overview, the Guide is divided into five chapters covering details of recommended standards for the care and use of laboratory animals. In addition, extra information related to the Guide can be found in the appendices at the end of the book. The first chapter introduces and defines the key concepts and terms used in the Guide. It describes the goals of the Guide as well as the intended audience and how to use the Guide. The overall intention is to support the readers to build a programme which creates a system of selfregulation and regulatory oversight, a concept that has been proven of value in many research situations. The concept of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) was always part of the philosophy of the Guide. In this eighth version now, this concept is mentioned expressis verbis and the individual definitions of each ‘R’ are outlined. Chapter 2 highlights the components of a state of the art animal care and use programme. After a short summary of the programme management, the chapter defines in details the respective roles and responsibilities of programme oversight. In the past, the primary responsibility of programme oversight fell primarily on the Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); now it is shared with the institutional official (IO) and the attending veterinarian (AV). The chapter further defines the roles and responsibilities of the key management for all elements of the programme and supplies definitions for regulations and policies. Many recommendations on occupational health and safety are provided here. The need for a disaster plan is now changed from the ‘should’ to the ‘must’ requirement. Environment, housing and management of laboratory animals are the topics of the third chapter. It should be noted that, in this chapter, a new section was added for addressing the care and use of aquatic animals. With this, the authors acknowledge the increased importance of these species, especially zebrafishes, in the laboratory environment. As in the previous editions, this chapter provides well-organized tables for quick references for housing space for species typically used in research. It is important to mention that the Guide stresses in particular for this topic the uses of a performance-based approach to decide on the space requirements for each particular case. Therefore, the recommended space is now defined as ‘recommended minimum space’. The next chapter discusses issues related to veterinary care. It covers regular aspects of veterinary care in laboratory animals, such as acquisition and clinical care of animals, surgery, pain management and anaesthesia, and preventive medicine. The Guide gives a lot of importance
2,556 citations