Guided Search 2.0 A revised model of visual search
TL;DR: This paper reviews the visual search literature and presents a model of human search behavior, a revision of the guided search 2.0 model in which virtually all aspects of the model have been made more explicit and/or revised in light of new data.
Abstract: An important component of routine visual behavior is the ability to find one item in a visual world filled with other, distracting items. This ability to performvisual search has been the subject of a large body of research in the past 15 years. This paper reviews the visual search literature and presents a model of human search behavior. Built upon the work of Neisser, Treisman, Julesz, and others, the model distinguishes between a preattentive, massively parallel stage that processes information about basic visual features (color, motion, various depth cues, etc.) across large portions of the visual field and a subsequent limited-capacity stage that performs other, more complex operations (e.g., face recognition, reading, object identification) over a limited portion of the visual field. The spatial deployment of the limited-capacity process is under attentional control. The heart of the guided search model is the idea that attentional deployment of limited resources isguided by the output of the earlier parallel processes. Guided Search 2.0 (GS2) is a revision of the model in which virtually all aspects of the model have been made more explicit and/or revised in light of new data. The paper is organized into four parts: Part 1 presents the model and the details of its computer simulation. Part 2 reviews the visual search literature on preattentive processing of basic features and shows how the GS2 simulation reproduces those results. Part 3 reviews the literature on the attentional deployment of limited-capacity processes in conjunction and serial searches and shows how the simulation handles those conditions. Finally, Part 4 deals with shortcomings of the model and unresolved issues.
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TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.
Abstract: We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.
10,985 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a visual attention system inspired by the behavior and the neuronal architecture of the early primate visual system is presented, where multiscale image features are combined into a single topographical saliency map.
Abstract: A visual attention system, inspired by the behavior and the neuronal architecture of the early primate visual system, is presented. Multiscale image features are combined into a single topographical saliency map. A dynamical neural network then selects attended locations in order of decreasing saliency. The system breaks down the complex problem of scene understanding by rapidly selecting, in a computationally efficient manner, conspicuous locations to be analyzed in detail.
10,525 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: A visual attention system, inspired by the behavior and the neuronal architecture of the early primate visual system, is presented, which breaks down the complex problem of scene understanding by rapidly selecting conspicuous locations to be analyzed in detail.
8,566 citations
Cites background or methods from "Guided Search 2.0 A revised model o..."
...Such strong performance reinforces the idea that a unique saliency map, receiving input from early visual processes, could effectively guide bottom-up attention in primates [4], [10], [5], [8]....
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..., knowledge about targets to be found) was used to weight the importance of different features [10], such that only those with high weights could reach higher processing levels....
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TL;DR: While originally conceptualized as a system for redirecting attention from one object to another, recent evidence suggests a more general role in switching between networks, which may explain recent evidence of its involvement in functions such as social cognition.
3,318 citations
Cites background or methods from "Guided Search 2.0 A revised model o..."
...…theories of attention are often concerned with simple behavioral goals, such as finding an object with particular features (Treisman and Gelade, 1980; Wolfe, 1994) or at a particular location (Eriksen and Hoffman, 1974; Posner, 1980) and responding to it in an appropriate manner (Hommel, 2000)....
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...…2003), or action related (Craighero et al., 2002; Rosenbaum, 1991), interact with sensory (bottom-up) signals produced by objects in the visual scene, enabling the desired object to be selectively perceived and entered into memory at the expense of unimportant objects (Bundesen, 1990; Wolfe, 1994)....
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...N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript mechanism proposed by biased competition and related theories (Bundesen, 1990; Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Wolfe, 1994)....
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TL;DR: The perceptual-motor modules, the goal module, and the declarative memory module are presented as examples of specialized systems in ACT-R, which consists of multiple modules that are integrated to produce coherent cognition.
Abstract: Adaptive control of thought–rational (ACT–R; J. R. Anderson & C. Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explains how these modules are integrated to produce coherent cognition. The perceptual-motor modules, the goal module, and the declarative memory module are presented as examples of specialized systems in ACT–R. These modules are associated with distinct cortical regions. These modules place chunks in buffers where they can be detected by a production system that responds to patterns of information in the buffers. At any point in time, a single production rule is selected to respond to the current pattern. Subsymbolic processes serve to guide the selection of rules to fire as well as the internal operations of some modules. Much of learning involves tuning of these subsymbolic processes. A number of simple and complex empirical examples are described to illustrate how these modules function singly and in concert.
2,732 citations
Cites methods from "Guided Search 2.0 A revised model o..."
...We describe some methods that can be used to place such brain imaging data rigorously in the interpretative framework of an information-processing theory like ACT–R....
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References
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TL;DR: A new hypothesis about the role of focused attention is proposed, which offers a new set of criteria for distinguishing separable from integral features and a new rationale for predicting which tasks will show attention limits and which will not.
11,452 citations
"Guided Search 2.0 A revised model o..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...This pattern of results is consistent with aserial self-terminating search in which the subject deploys attention at random from item to item until the target is found or until all items have been checked (Sternberg , 1969; Treisman & Gelade, 1980)....
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...Treisman and Gelade (1980) performed a similar experiment and found that the slopes were steep when medium was the target and big and small were the distractors....
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...…information permits efficient, guided search for these conjunctions of features, something not allowed in the original feature integration model (Treisman & Gelade, 1980) but required by more recent data (Dehaene, 1989; Egeth et al., 1984; McLeod et al., 1988; Nakayama & Silverman, 1986; Sagi,…...
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...Guided Search began as a modification of Treisman's feature integration model (Treisman, 1988; Treisman & Gelade, 1980)....
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...If targets and distractors are sufficiently different in size, parallel search is found (Treisman & Gelade, 1980 )....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a 1-sec tachistoscopic exposure, Ss responded with a right or left leverpress to a single target letter from the sets H and K or S and C. The target always appeared directly above the fixation cross.
Abstract: During a 1-sec tachistoscopic exposure, Ss responded with a right or left leverpress to a single target letter from the sets H and K or S and C. The target always appeared directly above the fixation cross. Experimentally varied were the types of noise letters (response compatible or incompatible) flanking the target and the spacing between the letters in the display. In all noise conditions, reaction time (RT) decreased as between-letter spacing increased. However, noise letters of the opposite response set were found to impair RT significantly more than same response set noise, while mixed noise letters belonging to neither set but having set-related features produced intermediate impairment. Differences between two target-alone control conditions, one presented intermixed with noise-condition trials and one presented separately in blocks, gave evidence of a preparatory set on the part of Ss to inhibit responses to the noise letters. It was concluded that S cannot prevent processing of noise letters occurring within about 1 deg of the target due to the nature of processing channel capacity and must inhibit his response until he is able to discriminate exactly which letter is in the target position. This discrimination is more difficult and time consuming at closer spacings, and inhibition is more difficult when noise letters indicate the opposite response from the targe
6,234 citations
TL;DR: Recognition-by-components (RBC) provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition.
Abstract: The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).
5,464 citations
"Guided Search 2.0 A revised model o..." refers background or methods in this paper
...As another example, the feature-binding model of Hummel and Biederman (1992) can be thought of as another case of a lirnited-capacity parallel process....
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...Treisman and Gormican (1988) failed to fmd support for the featural status of "juncture," "convergence, " or "containment" (whether a dot was inside or outside a figure), and Brown, Weisstein, and May (1992) failed to find evidence for the featural status of volumetrie shapes such as Biederman's (1987) geons....
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4,946 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A series of studies using both reaction time and accuracy measures is presented, which traces these concepts in the form of automatic detection and controlled, search through the areas of detection, search, and attention and resolves a number of apparent conflicts in the literature.
Abstract: A two-process theory of human information processing is proposed and applied to detection, search, and attention phenomena. Automatic processing is activation of a learned sequence of elements in long-term memory that is initiated by appropriate inputs and then proceeds automatically—without subject control, without stressing the capacity limitations of the system, and without necessarily demanding attention. Controlled processing is a temporary activation of a sequence of elements that can be set up quickly and easily but requires attention, is capacity-limited (usually serial in nature), and is controlled by the subject. A series of studies using both reaction time and accuracy measures is presented, which traces these concepts in the form of automatic detection and controlled, search through the areas of detection, search, and attention. Results in these areas are shown to arise from common mechanisms. Automatic detection is shown to develop following consistent mapping of stimuli to responses over trials. Controlled search is utilized in varied-mapping paradigms, and in our studies, it takes the form of serial, terminating search. The approach resolves a number of apparent conflicts in the literature.
4,547 citations