Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography
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11,568 citations
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...Apical four-chamber, RV-focused apical four-chamber and modified apical four-chamber (Figure 7A), left parasternal long- and short-axis, left parasternal RV inflow, and subcostal views provide the images required for a comprehensive assessment of RV size, systolic and diastolic function, and RV systolic pressures.(71) In most cases, in the RV-focused view, visualization of the entire RV free wall is better than in a standard four-chamber view, which is centered on the left ventricle....
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...Not all of the recommended values are identical to those published in the previous guidelines.(71) On the basis of the inclusion of new data published in recent reports, minor changes were made in the cutoff values for RV dimension, S′, TAPSE, and RIMP....
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...In contrast to the left atrium, RA size appears to be gender dependent, but prior ASE guidelines did not have sufficient data to provide normative data by gender.(1,71) Recent data obtained from three cohorts of ....
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...RV systolic pressure, typically calculated using the tricuspid regurgitation jet and an estimation of RA pressure based on inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapsibility, should be reported when a complete TR Doppler velocity envelope is present.(71) When feasible, additional parameters such as RV volumes and EF using 3DE should complement the basic 2D echocardiographic measurements listed above....
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...The ASE has recently published a guidelines document, endorsed by the EACVI and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, standardizing the approach for the evaluation of right heart dimensions and function during echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults.(71) Compared with that document, this section provides updated reference values for RV dimensions and most parameters of systolic and diastolic function, which should replace the previously published guideline....
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6,757 citations
Cites background from "Guidelines for the Echocardiographi..."
...5 cm/s indicates RV systolic dysfunction).(72,96) Systolic pulmonary artery pressure is derived from an optimal recording of maximal tricuspid regurgitant jet and the tricuspid systolic gradient, together with an estimate of RA pressure on the basis of inferior vena cava (IVC) size and its breathing-related collapse....
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6,367 citations
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References
10,834 citations
"Guidelines for the Echocardiographi..." refers background or methods in this paper
...RVOT PLAX wall thickness (mm) (not shown) 9 302 2 (1-2) 3 (3-4) 5 (4-6)...
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...The right atrium assists in filling the right ventricle by (1) acting as a reservoir for systemic venous return when the tricuspid valve is closed,...
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...0) E/E0 ratio 3 359 2 (1-2) 4 (4-4) 6 (5-7)...
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...RV longitudinal diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD3) 12 359 56 (50-61) 71 (67-75) 86 (80-91) RV end-diastolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 20 623 10 (8-12) 18 (16-19) 25 (24-27) RV end-systolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 16 508 4 (2-5) 9 (8-10) 14 (13-15) RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 3 152 44 (32-55) 62 (50-73) 80 (68-91) RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 1 91 19 (17-21) 33 (31-34) 46 (44-49) 3D RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 5 426 40 (28-52) 65 (54-76) 89 (77-101) 3D RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 4 394 12 (1-23) 28 (18-38) 45 (34-56)...
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...In the short-axis view, the RVOT linear dimension can be measured from (1) the anterior aortic wall to the RV free wall above the aortic valve (RVOT-Prox in Figure 8B) and (2) just proximal to the pulmonary valve (RVOT-Distal in Figure 8C)....
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1,583 citations
Additional excerpts
...RV EF (%) (Figure 8) 12 596 44 (38-50) 58 (53-63) 71 (66-77)...
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...RV longitudinal diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD3) 12 359 56 (50-61) 71 (67-75) 86 (80-91) RV end-diastolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 20 623 10 (8-12) 18 (16-19) 25 (24-27) RV end-systolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 16 508 4 (2-5) 9 (8-10) 14 (13-15) RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 3 152 44 (32-55) 62 (50-73) 80 (68-91) RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 1 91 19 (17-21) 33 (31-34) 46 (44-49) 3D RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 5 426 40 (28-52) 65 (54-76) 89 (77-101) 3D RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 4 394 12 (1-23) 28 (18-38) 45 (34-56)...
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...IVRT (ms) 23 1241 23 (16-30) 48 (43-53) 73 (66-80) E0 (cm/s) 40 1688 8 (7-9) 14 (13-14) 20 (19-21) A0 (cm/s) 37 1575 7 (6-8) 13 (12-14) 20 (19-21) E0/A0 ratio 29 1053 0....
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1,292 citations
Additional excerpts
...RVOT distal diameter (mm) (Figure 8, RVOT-Distal) 4 159 17 (12-22) 22 (17-26) 27 (22-32)...
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...RVOT proximal diameter (mm) (Figure 8, RVOT-Prox) 5 193 21 (18-25) 28 (27-30) 35 (31-39)...
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...RVOT PLAX diameter (mm) (Figure 8) 12 405 18 (15-20) 25 (23-27) 33 (30-35)...
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...RV mid cavity diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD2) 12 400 20 (15-25) 28 (23-33) 35 (30-41)...
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...RA minor dimension (mm) (Figure 3) 16 715 26 (24-29) 35 (33-37) 44 (41-46) RA end-systolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 3) 8 293 10 (8-12) 14 (14-15) 18 (17-20)...
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1,118 citations
Additional excerpts
...RVOT distal diameter (mm) (Figure 8, RVOT-Distal) 4 159 17 (12-22) 22 (17-26) 27 (22-32)...
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...RVOT proximal diameter (mm) (Figure 8, RVOT-Prox) 5 193 21 (18-25) 28 (27-30) 35 (31-39)...
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...RV mid cavity diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD2) 12 400 20 (15-25) 28 (23-33) 35 (30-41)...
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...RV basal diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD1) 10 376 24 (21-27) 33 (31-35) 42 (39-45)...
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...RV longitudinal diameter (mm) (Figure 7, RVD3) 12 359 56 (50-61) 71 (67-75) 86 (80-91) RV end-diastolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 20 623 10 (8-12) 18 (16-19) 25 (24-27) RV end-systolic area (cm(2)) (Figure 9) 16 508 4 (2-5) 9 (8-10) 14 (13-15) RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 3 152 44 (32-55) 62 (50-73) 80 (68-91) RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 1 91 19 (17-21) 33 (31-34) 46 (44-49) 3D RV end-diastolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 5 426 40 (28-52) 65 (54-76) 89 (77-101) 3D RV end-systolic volume indexed (mL/m(2)) 4 394 12 (1-23) 28 (18-38) 45 (34-56)...
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980 citations