Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology
TL;DR: This new edition is divided into 15 units and each unit has its own divided chapters, altogether consisting of 85 chapters which elegantly review different aspects of the human nervous system.
Abstract: This new edition is divided into 15 units and each unit has its own divided chapters, altogether consisting of 85 chapters. Unit I is an introduction to physiology consisting of 3 chapters: The cell and general physiology. Unit II addresses membrane physiology, nerve, and muscle, consisting of 5 chapters. Unit VIII has 2 chapters addressing to aviation, space, and deep sea diving physiology. It has a section on hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Units IX, X, and XI concern the physiology of the nervous system consisting of 17 chapters which elegantly review different aspects of the human nervous system. All topics discussed are relevant to daily practicing physician/scientist. One example is the important role of thyroid hormone on the growth and development of the brain during fetal, neonatal, and infantile periods, which needs to be emphasized and remembered because of its grave consequences resulting in cretinism.
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TL;DR: This review increases the understanding of tumor treatment with the promising use of nanotechnology by covering the description of selected tumors, including breast, lungs, colorectal and pancreatic tumors, and applications of relative nanocarriers in these tumors.
Abstract: Nanotechnology has recently gained increased attention for its capability to effectively diagnose and treat various tumors. Nanocarriers have been used to circumvent the problems associated with conventional antitumor drug delivery systems, including their nonspecificity, severe side effects, burst release and damaging the normal cells. Nanocarriers improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of antitumor drugs, while providing preferential accumulation at the target site. A number of nanocarriers have been developed; however, only a few of them are clinically approved for the delivery of antitumor drugs for their intended actions at the targeted sites. The present review is divided into three main parts: first part presents introduction of various nanocarriers and their relevance in the delivery of anticancer drugs, second part encompasses targeting mechanisms and surface functionalization on nanocarriers and third part covers the description of selected tumors, including breast, lungs, colorectal and pancreatic tumors, and applications of relative nanocarriers in these tumors. This review increases the understanding of tumor treatment with the promising use of nanotechnology.
841 citations
Cites background from "Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medica..."
...The risk factors for genetic mutations include radiation; chemical substances, ie, carcinogens; physical irritants; heredity and viruses.(107) Tumors are one of the most devastating diseases worldwide, increasing with the rate of ....
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TL;DR: A review of a number of major mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin receptor mutations, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, considered the role these cellular mechanisms play in the development of IR.
Abstract: Most human cells utilize glucose as the primary substrate, cellular uptake requiring insulin. Insulin signaling is therefore critical for these tissues. However, decrease in insulin sensitivity due to the disruption of various molecular pathways causes insulin resistance (IR). IR underpins many metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, impairments in insulin signaling disrupting entry of glucose into the adipocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. Although the exact underlying cause of IR has not been fully elucidated, a number of major mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin receptor mutations, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been suggested. In this review, we consider the role these cellular mechanisms play in the development of IR.
423 citations
Cites background from "Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medica..."
...These proteins act based upon the concentration gradient of glucose across the cell membrane and therefore operate without energy consump- tion (Hall, 2015)....
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...Since G6P cannot bind to GLUT and therefore cannot leave cells, hexokinase has a major role in glucose retention within cells (Hall, 2015)....
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...GLUT‐4 is another isoform of glucose transporter which, unlike other types, is entirely dependent upon insulin (Hall, 2015; Moraes‐ Vieira et al., 2016)....
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...…carrier is mainly expressed in adipose tissue, cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells, residing in cytoplasmic vesicles in non‐active states but, in response to insulin hormone, translocates into the cell membrane and facilitates glucose entry into these cells (Hall, 2015; Huang & Czech, 2007)....
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...Within the beta cells, glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by glucokinase activity, which is considered to be the “glucose sensor,” since it controls the rate of glucose retention in beta cells that, in turn, controls the rate of insulin release (Rutter et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: Although hyperbaric oxygen significantly reduces the permanent neurological and affective effects of CO poisoning, a portion of survivors still have substantial morbidity, and there has been some early success in therapies targeting the downstream inflammatory and oxidative effects ofCO poisoning.
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning affects 50,000 people a year in the United States. The clinical presentation runs a spectrum, ranging from headache and dizziness to coma and death, with a mortality rate ranging from 1 to 3%. A significant number of patients who survive CO poisoning suffer from long-term neurological and affective sequelae. The neurologic deficits do not necessarily correlate with blood CO levels but likely result from the pleiotropic effects of CO on cellular mitochondrial respiration, cellular energy utilization, inflammation, and free radical generation, especially in the brain and heart. Long-term neurocognitive deficits occur in 15–40% of patients, whereas approximately one-third of moderate to severely poisoned patients exhibit cardiac dysfunction, including arrhythmia, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and myocardial infarction. Imaging studies reveal cerebral white matter hyperintensities, with delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy or diffuse brain atrophy. Management of thes...
403 citations
Cites background from "Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medica..."
...Hb has a 250-fold greater affinity for CO than for oxygen (13)....
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TL;DR: A thorough understanding of major pain conditions that the authors experience—nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems is put in place.
Abstract: Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm’s way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience—nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.
276 citations
TL;DR: This review presents the molecular mechanisms by which the oxidative milieu contributes to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus through several molecular mechanisms.
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and an inadequate response to circulatory insulin by peripheral tissues resulting in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance has a complex pathophysiology, and it is contributed to by multiple factors including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between free radical production and the antioxidant system leading to a reduction of peripheral insulin sensitivity and contributing to the development of T2DM via several molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present the molecular mechanisms by which the oxidative milieu contributes to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.
242 citations