Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology
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...The risk factors for genetic mutations include radiation; chemical substances, ie, carcinogens; physical irritants; heredity and viruses.(107) Tumors are one of the most devastating diseases worldwide, increasing with the rate of ....
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423 citations
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...These proteins act based upon the concentration gradient of glucose across the cell membrane and therefore operate without energy consump- tion (Hall, 2015)....
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...Since G6P cannot bind to GLUT and therefore cannot leave cells, hexokinase has a major role in glucose retention within cells (Hall, 2015)....
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...GLUT‐4 is another isoform of glucose transporter which, unlike other types, is entirely dependent upon insulin (Hall, 2015; Moraes‐ Vieira et al., 2016)....
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...…carrier is mainly expressed in adipose tissue, cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells, residing in cytoplasmic vesicles in non‐active states but, in response to insulin hormone, translocates into the cell membrane and facilitates glucose entry into these cells (Hall, 2015; Huang & Czech, 2007)....
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...Within the beta cells, glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by glucokinase activity, which is considered to be the “glucose sensor,” since it controls the rate of glucose retention in beta cells that, in turn, controls the rate of insulin release (Rutter et al., 2015)....
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403 citations
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...Hb has a 250-fold greater affinity for CO than for oxygen (13)....
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