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Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers
01 Jan 1997-
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of conjugated polymers and their properties were investigated at submicron scale with a scanning force microscope magnetic properties of conducting polymers Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR).
Abstract: Vol 1: From electron acceptor molecules to photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer systems perylene based conductors tetrachalcogenafulvalenes, metal 1,2-dichalcogenolenes and their conductive salts conductive hetero-TCNQs molecular metals and superconductors based on transition metal complexes conductivity and superconductivity in doped fullerenes electrochemistry of fullerenes photophysics, charge separation and associated device applications of conjugated polymer/fullerene composites photoconductivity in fullerenes organic photoconductive materials for xenographic photoreceptors photoconductive polymers graphite intercalation compounds electrically conductive metallophthalocyanines electrically conductive Langmuir-Blogett films magnetism of stable organic radical crystals. Vol 2: Polyacetylene electrically conductive polyacetylene copolymers perconjugated organic polymer - early synthesis attempts and applications electrochemical synthesis of polyheterocycles and their applications (-conductive polymers prepared by organometallic polycondensation poly(p-phenylenes) - preparation techniques and general properties synthesis and properties of processable polythiophenes molecular conductive materials - from polythiophenes to oligothiophenes charge-state incorporation in bis-thienyl polyenes and thienylene polyenylene oligomers and polymers polypyrroles - from basic research to technological applications polythiophene and polypyrrole copolymers polyanilines electrically conductive polytoluidines silicon containing thiophene monomers, oligomers and polymers - synthesis, characterization and properties silicon and germanium containing conductive polymers polyazines - synthesis, structure, spectroscopy and conducting properties conductive metallophthalocyanine polymers conductive polymer blends and composites organometallic conductive polymers self-doped conductive polymers. Vol 3: Crystallography of conductive polymers the structure of polythiophenes photoelectron spectroscopy of conductive polymers spectroelectrochemistry and spectroscopy of conducting polymers structural investigation of soluble conjugated polymers and modification of their structure at submicron scale with a scanning force microscope magnetic properties of conducting polymers Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) Studies of conjugated polymer films, LEDs, and fullerenes microwave properties of conductives polymers electrochemistry of conjugated polymers electrocatalytic properties of conductive polymers due to dispersion physical and spectroscopic properties of polypyrrole films containing transition metal complexes as counteranions thin film properties of oligothiophenes electrochroism in polyanilines thermochromism and solvatochromism in polythiophenes degradation and stability of conductive polymers. Vol 4: Transport in conducting polymers electronic structure of (conjugated polymers). (Part contents)
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used thin-film, field effect transistor structures to probe the transport properties of the ordered microcrystalline domains in the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT.
Abstract: Self-organization in many solution-processed, semiconducting conjugated polymers results in complex microstructures, in which ordered microcrystalline domains are embedded in an amorphous matrix1. This has important consequences for electrical properties of these materials: charge transport is usually limited by the most difficult hopping processes and is therefore dominated by the disordered matrix, resulting in low charge-carrier mobilities2 (⩽10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1). Here we use thin-film, field-effect transistor structures to probe the transport properties of the ordered microcrystalline domains in the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT. Self-organization in P3HT results in a lamella structure with two-dimensional conjugated sheets formed by interchain stacking. We find that, depending on processing conditions, the lamellae can adopt two different orientations—parallel and normal to the substrate—the mobilities of which differ by more than a factor of 100, and can reach values as high as 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 (refs 3, 4). Optical spectroscopy of the field-induced charge, combined with the mobility anisotropy, reveals the two-dimensional interchain character of the polaronic charge carriers, which exhibit lower relaxation energies than the corresponding radical cations on isolated one-dimensional chains. The possibility of achieving high mobilities via two-dimensional transport in self-organized conjugated lamellae is important for applications of polymer transistors in logic circuits5 and active-matrix displays4,6.
4,306 citations
TL;DR: The Rehybridization of the Acceptor (RICT) and Planarization ofThe Molecule (PICT) III is presented, with a comparison of the effects on yield and radiationless deactivation processes.
Abstract: 6. Rehybridization of the Acceptor (RICT) 3908 7. Planarization of the Molecule (PICT) 3909 III. Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3909 A. Solvent Effects and the Model Compounds 3909 1. Solvent Effects on the Spectra 3909 2. Steric Effects and Model Compounds 3911 3. Bandwidths 3913 4. Isoemissive Points 3914 B. Dipole Moments 3915 C. Radiative Rates and Transition Moments 3916 1. Quantum Yields and Radiationless Deactivation Processes 3916
2,924 citations
TL;DR: The current status of the field of organic solar cells and the important parameters to improve their performance are discussed in this paper. But, the two competitive production techniques used today are either wet solution processing or dry thermal evaporation of the organic constituents.
Abstract: Organic solar cell research has developed during the past 30 years, but especially in the last decade it has attracted scientific and economic interest triggered by a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies. This was achieved by the introduction of new materials, improved materials engineering, and more sophisticated device structures. Today, solar power conversion efficiencies in excess of 3% have been accomplished with several device concepts. Though efficiencies of these thin-film organicdevices have not yet reached those of their inorganic counterparts (η ≈ 10–20%); the perspective of cheap production (employing, e.g., roll-to-roll processes) drives the development of organic photovoltaic devices further in a dynamic way. The two competitive production techniques used today are either wet solution processing or dry thermal evaporation of the organic constituents. The field of organic solar cells profited well from the development of light-emitting diodes based on similar technologies, which have entered the market recently. We review here the current status of the field of organic solar cells and discuss different production technologies as well as study the important parameters to improve their performance.
2,492 citations
TL;DR: A series of highly soluble fullerene derivatives with varying acceptor strengths (i.e., first reduction potentials) was synthesized and used as electron acceptors in plastic solar cells as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A series of highly soluble fullerene derivatives with varying acceptor strengths (i.e., first reduction potentials) was synthesized and used as electron acceptors in plastic solar cells. These fullerene derivatives, methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a new azafulleroid, and a ketolactam quasifullerene, show a variation of almost 200 mV in their first reduction potential. The open circuit voltage of the corresponding devices was found to correlate directly with the acceptor strength of the fullerenes, whereas it was rather insensitive to variations of the work function of the negative electrode. These observations are discussed within the concept of Fermi level pinning between fullerenes and metals via surface charges.
1,807 citations
TL;DR: A detailed discussion on the mechanism of electrical conduction in PANI and the factors those influence the conductivity of PANI is also included in this paper, where the problems of effective utilization and the methods adopted to overcome these problems are also provided.
1,632 citations