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Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
01 Jan 1986-
TL;DR: The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin, et al. as discussed by the authors ) presents a methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research.
Abstract: Methodology, Design, and Evaluation in Psychotherapy Research (A. Kazdin). Assessing Psychotherapy Outcomes and Processes (M. Lambert & C. Hill). The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin). The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy (M. Lambert & A. Bergin). Research on Client Variables in Psychotherapy (S. Garfield). Therapist Variables (L. Beutler, et al.). Process and Outcome in PsychotherapyNoch Einmal (D. Orlinsky, et al.). Behavior Therapy with Adults (P. Emmelkamp). Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (S. Hollon & A. Beck). Psychodynamic Approaches (W. Henry, et al.). Research on Experiential Psychotherapies (L. Greenberg, et al.). Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents (A. Kazdin). The Process and Outcome of Marital and Family Therapy: Reseach Review and Evaluation (J. Alexander, et al.). Experiential Group Research (R. Bednar & T. Kaul). Research on Brief Psychotherapy (M. Koss & J. Shiang). Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology (E. Blanchard). Medication and Psychotherapy (G. Klerman, et al.). Research on Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Populations (S. Sue, et al.). Overview, Trends, and Future Issues (A. Bergin & S. Garfield). Indexes.
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TL;DR: This article conducted a meta-analysis on 27 component studies culled from the literature and found that the effect size for the difference between a package with and without the critical components was not significantly different from zero, indicating that theoretically purported important components are not responsible for therapeutic benefits.
Abstract: Component studies, which involve comparisons between a treatment package and the treatment package without a theoretically important component or the treatment package with an added component, use experimental designs to test whether the component is necessary to produce therapeutic benefit. A meta-analysis was conducted on 27 component studies culled from the literature. It was found that the effect size for the difference between a package with and without the critical components was not significantly different from zero, indicating that theoretically purported important components are not responsible for therapeutic benefits. Moreover, the effect sizes were homogeneous, which suggests that there were no important variables moderating effect sizes. The results cast doubt on the specificity of psychological treatments.
558 citations
Cites background from "Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behav..."
...It was established in the 1980s that counseling and psychotherapy are remarkably efficacious (Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Wampold, 2000); now on center stage is the controversy about whether the beneficial effects of counseling and psychotherapy are due to the specific ingredients of the treatments or to the factors common in all therapies (Wampold, 2000)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors restimulate research and theory on the relationship and suggest ingredients in the therapy relationship that are common to all interventions, and examine similarities and differences in how the relationship works within the three dominant approaches to therapy.
Abstract: This two-part article suggests ingredients in the therapy relationship that are common to all interventions. It then examines similarities and differences in how the relationship works within the three dominant approaches to therapy. The overall aim of the article is to restimulate research and theory on the relationship. The first part defines the relationship and proposes three components to all therapeutic relationships: a working alliance, a transference configuration, and a real relationship. Five propositions are offered about the operation of each component within and across theoretical orientations. The second part examines how views of the relationship in perspectives broadly labeled psychoanalytic, humanistic, and learning vary according to three theoretical dimensions: the centrality, real-unreal, and means-end dimensions. Central research findings are reviewed for each theoretical perspective, the current state of research is examined for each, and suggestions are offered for future directions.
545 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined 17 meta-analyses of comparisons of active treatments with each other, in contrast to the more usual comparisons of Active treatments with controls, yielding a mean uncorrected absolute effect size for Cohen's d of.20, which is small and non-significant.
Abstract: We examined 17 meta-analyses of comparisons of active treatments with each other, in contrast to the more usual comparisons of active treatments with controls. These meta-analyses yielded a mean uncorrected absolute effect size for Cohen's d of .20, which is small and non-significant (an equivalent Pearson's r would be. 10). The smallness of this effect size confirms Rosenzweig's supposition in 1936 about the likely results of such comparisons. In the present sample, when such differences were corrected for the therapeutic allegiance of the researchers involved in comparing the different psychotherapies, these differences tend to become even further reduced in size and significance, as shown previously by Luborsky, Diguer, Seligman, et al. (1999).
534 citations
TL;DR: The model suggests a research agenda to identify effective programs for a broadened array of problems and disorders, examine ethnicity and culture in relation to intervention adoption and impact, clarify conditions under which programs do and do not work, and make tested interventions accessible and effective in community and practice settings.
Abstract: For decades, empirically tested youth interventions have prevented dysfunction by addressing risk and ameliorated dysfunction through treatment. The authors propose linking prevention and treatment within an integrated model. The model suggests a research agenda: Identify effective programs for a broadened array of problems and disorders, examine ethnicity and culture in relation to intervention adoption and impact, clarify conditions under which programs do and do not work, identify change mechanisms that account for effects, test interventions in real-world contexts, and make tested interventions accessible and effective in community and practice settings. Connecting the science and practice of prevention and treatment will be good for science, for practice, and for children, adolescents, and their families.
532 citations
Cites background from "Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behav..."
...Experts on culture and ethnicity have stressed that the findings of most current clinical trials may not be generalized to minority populations (Bernal, Bonilla, & Bellido, 1995; Bernal & Scharron-Del-Rio, 2001; Hall, 2001; Sue, 1998), and many have expressed concern about the dearth of interventions known to benefit ethnic minority populations (see, eg, Gray-Little & Kaplan, 2000; Miranda, Azocar, Organista, Munoz, & Lieberman, 1996; Sue, Zane, & Young, 1994; Tharp, 1991)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed 50 publications to discern commonalities among therapeutic common factors, including psychological interpretation, catharsis, and therapist's personality, and found that 41% of the proposed commonalities were change processes; by contrast, only 6% of articulated commonalities are client characteristics.
Abstract: There is little convergence or empirical research on factors shared by diverse psychotherapies. We reviewed 50 publications to discern commonalities among proposed therapeutic common factors. The number of factors per publication ranged from 1 to 20, with 89 different commonalities proposed in all. Analyses revealed that 41 % of proposed commonalities were change processes; by contrast, only 6% of articulated commonalities were client characteristics. The most consensual commonalities across categories were development of a therapeutic alliance, opportunity for catharsis, acquisition and practice of new behaviors, and clients' positive expectancies. The frequency of selected commonalities is presented and directions for future research are outlined. Mental health professionals have long observed that disparate forms of psychotherapy share common elements or core features (Goldfried & Newman, 1986; Thompson, 1987). As early as 1936, Rosenzweig, noting that all forms of psychotherapy have cures to their credit, invoked the famous Dodo Bird verdict from Alice in Wonderland, "Everybody has won and all must have prizes," to characterize psychotherapy outcomes. He then proposed as a possible explanation therapeutic common factors, including psychological interpretation, catharsis, and the therapist's personality. In 1940, Watson reported the results of a meeting held to ascertain areas of agreement among psychotherapy systems (Sollod, 1981). The participants, including such diverse figures as Saul Rosenzweig, Alexandra Adler, Frederick Allen, and Carl Rogers, concurred that support, interpretation, insight, behavior change, a good therapeutic relationship, and certain therapist characteristics were common features of successful psychotherapy approaches (Watson, 1940).
532 citations
Cites background from "Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behav..."
...It has not been possible to show that one therapeutic approach is clearly superior to another (Lambert, Shapiro, & Bergin, 1986; Landman & Dawes, 1982; Smith, Glass, & Miller, 1980)....
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